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Policultivo de camarón y tilapia: innovación administrativa para una acuicultura
sustentable en Sinaloa
Polyculture of shrimp and tilapia: administrative innovation for sustainable aquaculture
in Sinaloa
Autores
1
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa,
Department of Research and
Postgraduate Studies, School of
Economic and Administrative Sciences
of Mazatlan. Sinaloa, México.
2
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa,
Department of Research and
Postgraduate Studies, School of
Economic and Administrative Sciences
of Mazatlan. Sinaloa, Mexico.
3
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa,
School of Economic and Administrative
Sciences of Mazatlan. Sinaloa, Mexico.
* Autor para correspondencia.
Código JEL: Q22; E23; C61.
Abstract
Shrimp consumption and production is fundamental for food security,
especially for vulnerable sectors. Simulations were conducted using
software such as Stella.9 and R to evaluate polyculture shrimp production.
The results suggest that this approach can improve operational eciency
and sustainability in the aquaculture industry. The conclusions indicate that
polyculture of shrimp and tilapia is viable and can be replicated in various
regions, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals by promoting
more sustainable and environmentally responsible practices.
Keywords: Aquaculture Industry; Production Modes; Simulation; Stella
Software; R Software; Polyculture.
Resumen
El consumo y producción de camarón es fundamental para la seguridad
alimentaria, especialmente para sectores vulnerables. Se realizaron
simulaciones utilizando software como Stella.9 y R para evaluar la
producción de camarón en policultivo. Los resultados sugieren que este
enfoque puede mejorar la eciencia operativa y la sustentabilidad en la
industria acuícola. Las conclusiones indican que el policultivo de camarón y
tilapia es viable y puede replicarse en diversas regiones, contribuyendo a los
Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible al promover prácticas más sustentables
y responsables con el medio ambiente.
Palabras clave: Industria acuícola; Modos de producción; Simulación;
Software Stella; Software R; Policultivo.
1
* Jesús Alberto Somoza Ríos
1
Rosa Penélope Mares Galindo
2
Rosa del Carmen Lizárraga Bernal
2
Gilberto Niebla Lizárraga
3
Kenia Inzunza Duarte
iD
iD
iD
iD
iD
Citacion sugerida: Somoza Ríos, J. A.,
Mares Galindo, R. P., Lizarraga Bernal,
R. C., Niebla Lizarraga, G., Inzunza
Duarte, K. (2024). Polyculture of shrimp
and tilapia: administrative innovation for
sustainable aquaculture in Sinaloa. Revista
ECA Sinergia, 15(3), 99-109. https://doi.
org/10.33936/ecasinergia.v15i3.6675
Recibido: 06/05/2024
Aceptado: 29/08/2024
Publicado: 05/09/2024
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INTRODUCTION
This research focuses on the development of an administrative management model for polyculture shrimp production,
using mathematical simulations to visualize the operational and environmental benets of this practice. The global context
of food production requires more sustainable methods, and this study proposes a viable alternative to improve eciency
in aquaculture, aligning with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Aquaculture production has faced increasing challenges due to the need for more sustainable practices that minimize
environmental impact without sacricing production eciency. Polyculture, in particular, is presented as a promising
solution to optimize resources and improve sustainability in shrimp production. This approach, which has been explored
in various regions such as the Philippines, Ecuador and Mexico, allows better management of water resources and greater
resilience to environmental uctuations. The present study is framed within this global context, seeking to evaluate the
operational and environmental advantages of polyculture in Sinaloa aquaculture, with a view to replicating these results in
other regions and contributing to the fulllment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specically with regard
to responsible production and consumption (SDG 12) and climate action (SDG 13).
1. Aquaponics.vThis system combines sh farming and soil-less plant cultivation. Basically, aquaponics is a mixture of
aquaculture (raising aquatic organisms such as sh and crustaceans) and hydroponics (growing plants in water instead of
soil). In this system, the ammonia produced by the sh is converted into nutrients for the plants, which reduces the toxicity
of the water and, at the same time, feeds the plants naturally. This makes aquaponics an interesting option to manage water
use eciently (Rakocy, 2012, Somerville et al., 2022). According to Hernández et al. (2009):
“Aquaculture is dened as the cultivation of aquatic organisms, including sh, mollusks, crustaceans and plants. The
farming activity involves human intervention in the rearing process to increase production in operations such as seeding,
feeding, protection from predators, etc.”
While hydroponics (Del Pilar Longar Blanco et al., 2013), is the science of growing plants in a soil-less medium. So
aquaponics is the integration of the two food production techniques in a single system (Beristain, 2018).
2. Filtration of wastewater by sedimentation and ltration with oysters. Filtration of wastewater by sedimentation and
ltration with oysters. In many shrimp farms, shrimp larvae waste is discharged directly into the sea, rivers or estuaries
without any treatment. To improve the quality of the water that is returned to nature, an oyster ltration system can be
used. These oysters help remove waste through a two-stage process: sedimentation and ltration. A treatment of at least
24 hours with this system can signicantly improve the quality of water released into natural ecosystems (Ramos et al.,
2008).
3. Polyculture. This technique involves growing two or more aquatic species in the same pond, which helps reduce water
consumption. For example, in a pond shared by tilapia and shrimp, the tilapia lter feed at the top of the water, which
helps prevent the growth of harmful algae, while the shrimp remain at the bottom. Although polyculture has been studied
mainly for combining dierent sh species, such as cachama, silver mojarra and mirror carp, its application to the joint
culture of white shrimp and red tilapia in Mexico is still limited (Valenti et al., 2018, Silva et al., 2017, Ramos et al., 2008).
The above reects sustainable on-farm production, being an issue of vital importance for the future of the planet. It is about
nding ways to produce food that are environmentally friendly without compromising natural resources for generations
to come (Trejo-Téllez, 2018). From a sustainable perspective Uniamikogbo and Amos (2016), describe the triple bottom
line (TBL) as the interrelationship of three elements:
- Economic or nancial considerations (nancial)
- Environmental stewardship and protection (environmental)
- Human and community well-being (society)
Adjusting works to solve challenges in one of the elements of the TBL can generate long-term benets in the economy
and social quality of life, while limiting impacts on the environment in accordance with the long-term carrying capacity
of nature.
Reinforcing the previous position, according to García López (2015), the term “Triple bottom line” dates back to the mid-
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1990s. However, it was not until the publication in 1998 of John Elkington’s book “Cannibals with forks: the triple bottom
line of 21st century business” that this concept began to gain momentum.
One of the main considerations of TBL is the possibility of quantitatively measuring the impact of certain actions of
the organization, both from an economic and social and/or environmental point of view. In addition, the TBL concept
establishes the paradigm that its main lines (economic, social and environmental) are not static or stable, but are considered
to be in constant movement due to social, political and economic pressures, changes in the economic cycle and the
inuence of certain events such as conicts of a warlike nature. Therefore, each of the lines or elements of the TBL should
be considered as a continental shelf in itself, so that it often moves independently of the others, and can be located above,
below, next to and even friction can occur between them (García López, 2015), (Shaer, 2018).
In this sense, Bertalany proposes the General Systems Theory (GST) (Bertalany, 1989), which shows a systematic and
scientic way of approaching and representing reality.
The objectives of TGS are as follows Pouvreau, (2013).
1. To promote the development of a general terminology to describe systemic characteristics, functions and behaviors.
2. To develop a set of laws applicable to all these behaviors and nally,
3. To promote a (mathematical) formalization of these laws.
It is important to highlight Aragon’s position according to his publication:
...the issue was raised by Ansah and Frimpong as follows: “If the growth of organisms under cultivation is overestimated,
it may result in unexpected losses of commercial revenue, while underestimating growth could result in poor crop planning
with respect to labor allocation, optimal feeding and harvesting time” (Aragon-Noriega, 2016).
One of the rst documented polyculture systems was developed on Negros Island in the Philippines (Puricelli et al.,
2002), the system employed 95 ha of ponds on Negros Island in 2002 and was further extended in 2003 to other nearby
islands, while by 2008 more than 60% of shrimp farms in the Philippines were using polyculture between tilapia and
shrimp (Fitzsimmons and Shahkar, 2017). Another use in the Philippines, apart from the production of two species, was to
maintain water quality and conditions by means of cages located inside the shrimp fattening ponds, with tilapia consuming
most of the waste generated by shrimp (Fitzsimmons and Shahkar, 2017).
Currently, in Ecuador there are several farms that have adopted polyculture systems, most use systems where they store
red tilapia to maintain the conditions of the pond where the shrimp are fattened, the city that has built an important
international trade with tilapia produced in polyculture ponds with giant shrimp is Guayaquil (Fitzsimmons and Shahkar,
2017).
One of the species to be cultivated in polyculture is the red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), which was introduced in
Mexico in 1964 and is of great importance in the production of animal protein in tropical and subtropical waters around the
world, particularly in developing countries, where it is also known as mojarra. Tilapia farming is one of the most protable
in aquaculture, as it is highly productive due to the species’ attributes, such as rapid growth, disease resistance, high
productivity, tolerance to high density conditions, ability to survive low oxygen concentrations and dierent salinities,
as well as acceptance of a wide range of natural and articial feeds. Aquaculture accounts for 91% of tilapia production
in Mexico and is grown in 31 Mexican states, with the largest producers being Chiapas, Tabasco, Guerrero, Estado
de México, and Veracruz. In Baja California Sur, cultivation is reported for self-consumption, and Baja California’s
production in 2010 was less than one ton (Aquacultura| Tilapia | Instituto Nacional de Pesca | Gobierno | Gob.Mx, n.d.).
The other species that will produce in polyculture is the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. It began in Mexico at the
Monterrey Technological Institute, Campus Guaymas, where research was carried out by the University of Sonora in
the early 1970s until the second half of the 1980s, when commercial cultivation began. Since then, production volume
has increased signicantly, as has installed capacity, mainly in Sinaloa, Sonora, and Nayarit. However, shrimp farming
is aected by various infectious agents, which is why the industry adopts “Good Management Practices” (GMP), and
in some cases uses semi-intensive farming systems (Santos et al., 2021). These practices are carried out mainly in the
northwestern states of Mexico, where the activity has the highest production; in 2008 alone it exceeded 60% of total
national shrimp production (shery and aquaculture), white shrimp production is normally carried out in semi-intensive
ponds (Santos et al., 2021)
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The objective is to develop an administrative management model for shrimp production through a mathematical
simulation, using polyculture. This approach is aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specically
SDG 12: Responsible Production and Consumption, by proposing an ecient use of aquatic resources and reducing the
environmental impact of shrimp production. The research focuses on the contexts of the Philippines, Ecuador and Mexico,
where polyculture practices have been implemented to assess their viability and sustainability in aquaculture. The results
obtained in these countries highlight the potential of polyculture not only to improve operational eciency, but also to
mitigate negative environmental eects, suggesting that this approach could be replicated in other regions and countries.
In the analysis of the results and conclusions of the study, the importance of adapting this model to dierent geographical
and cultural contexts is highlighted, thus maximizing its contribution to the achievement of the SDGs at a global level.
MATERIALS AND METHODS EMPLOYED
Three softwares were used, the rst one was the Sankey Diagram Generator, which is freely available on the internet,
this was used to graphically represent the amount of brackish water needed to produce shrimp. The second was Stella.v9
where a simulation of a shrimp production was made, where the amount of oxygen demanded in the pond was identied
according to the increase in size and the third was the R Studio software where a production of two aquaculture species at
the same time was simulated by means of a mathematical equation.
To simulate the polyculture scenario, the mathematical formula of Karl Ludwing Von Bertalany was used, which is
written as follows:
(1)
Where the parameters of the growth model are:
lt = denes the expected size
l∞ = denes the maximum size - asymptotic (cm)
k = growth rate towards the maximum (1/y)
t0 = initial condition parameter (y), shifts the growth curve on the x-axis to allow for a negative length at age zero.
Prior to the nal simulation in the R software with the equation described above, rst of all, a eld investigation was
carried out to learn about the process involved in shrimp production from the shrimp postlarvae laboratories to harvesting
in the shrimp farms, collecting information in a follow-up log, as a second step, a Sankey diagram was made, Based on the
information collected in the logs, which allowed us to know the amount of brackish water needed to produce one ton of
shrimp, being this amount our frame of reference, after that, a simulation was made in the Stella software highlighting the
need for pre-harvest, nally, based on the above, a mathematical simulation of a representation of a polyculture between
tilapia and shrimp was made to make the latter a sustainable proposal in the current modes of production.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In accordance with the objective of this research, we will start from the information obtained in the logbooks, as a result
of the eld research on shrimp production from the cradle to the door stage; however, it is important to point out at this
point that this analysis was carried out based on the production of 1 ton of shrimp (1,000 kg). It is necessary to conceive
that for this process to be carried out and harvest 1 ton of white shrimp with a weight of 10 grams per shrimp, 100,000
shrimp will be obtained at the end.
Polyculture of shrimp and tilapia: administrative innovation for sustainable aquaculture in Sinaloa
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Our shrimp input and output inventory is based on knowing the quantities of each unit process, determining the amount of
brackish water needed (liters), electrical energy for pumping brackish water (kWh), electrical energy for the motors that
oxygenate the ponds (kWh), and the feed needed from cradle to gate to produce 1 ton of shrimp.
In order to obtain data with a higher degree of reliability, it would be necessary to carry out an in-depth investigation;
however, for the sake of convenience, the percentages of survival that were used in the eld study were taken.
To produce the amount of shrimp mentioned above with 100,000 shrimp with a weight of 10 grams as the nal product, a
pond that houses 94 shrimp with 180 days of maturation is needed in its initial stage, 55% will be females and the remaining
45% will be males, according to what was investigated with the producer, a percentage of copulation or pregnant females
of 10% is obtained, resulting in 5 females ready to spawn.
Of the 5 females mentioned in the previous paragraph will produce a total of 2, 083,333 eggs, of which only 60% will
hatch, resulting in 1, 250,000 nauplii. After this, the care and production process begins in the PL production laboratory,
of which for the next stage with 50% we will obtain 625,000 zoeae and with the same percentage of survival only 312,500
mysis arrive, which according to the following and even better management increases to 80% survival to reach a PL stage
with 17 days of maturation with 250,000 PL17, so that later in the farm with the care of the biologist, 45% of survival
is obtained after 3 months of culture with 1,000 kg of shrimp. The above is shown in Table 1 of the Life Cycle Analysis
(LCA) inventory. The table shows the inventory for the product in its cradle-to-gate analysis, and the Sankey diagram
shows graphically the aforementioned Figure 1.
The Sankey Diagram Generator software was used to create the Sankey diagram and perform the LCA of 1 ton of shrimp,
working in conjunction with the Excel administrative tool, generating a book with the data in Table 1, mentioning the input
and output processes and their respective quantities, resulting in an amount of 29,016 liters needed to produce shrimp and
a total wastewater of the same amount.
To better understand the shrimp production part, a simulation of population growth scenarios in biological subjects, such
as population increase of shrimp and tilapia under dierent growth variables, for example, was carried out with Stella
version 9 software:
- Decrease in the amount of oxygen “O”.
- Increased levels of ammonium “NH3”.
- Deaths.
- Days of growth.
These four variables were used to create a scenario. The maximum growth period was 30 days, a semi-intensive polyculture
system with 2,000 organisms in a pond (half shrimp and half tilapia).
This scenario had 4 elements or building blocks (Cervantes, Chiappa and Dias, 2009):
- Stock: Used to accumulate or consume resources.
- Flow: The rate of change of the stock.
- Connector: Used to take input data and manipulate it to convert that input into some output signal.
- Converter: An arrow that allows information to pass between: converters; stocks and converters; stocks, ows and
converters.
As a result, we had that during the growth graph it would be necessary to perform pre-harvests so that the levels of
the variables mentioned above are maintained, this is only representative and so that the reader can have an idea of the
increase/decrease of the levels, for example, higher growth, lower amount of oxygen, PH, and consequently increase in
the levels of ammonium, these are some needs that are required in the polyculture system.
Simulating a scenario as close to reality as possible will help investors to visualize results, without having to risk
production ponds for their crop, since models help in decision making and simulations can give an approximate idea of
what can happen. This point will be addressed and explained in detail about what Ludwig Von Bertalany proposes in
his mathematical equation of growth, which is why we used the administrative tool, the “R studio” software, where the
parameters needed were introduced and a representation of a culture with two species at the same time, red tilapia and
white shrimp, was made.
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In accordance with the above, the model of Karl Ludwig Von Bertalany, who developed a model of growth as a function
of life span, which is an exponential type model for individual growth and is applied to the great majority of sh. The
model to describe this equation on an individual basis is shown in Figure 2.
Complementing the above, k is a constant dened by a growth curve for dierent commercial aquaculture species, as
shown in Figure 3.
The simulation of a polyculture will serve to show a scenario on the viability of the cultivation of two species, with the
rm idea of having a positive impact on the care of the environment and breaking a paradigm in the current modes of
production, which is why it was proposed to carry out a polyculture of white shrimp and red tilapia, which will help to
reduce production costs, the amount of water used and consequently increase prots.
With this clear, we proceeded to introduce the values for each of the species, in the case of tilapia they were taken
according to the research of Ortega Salas et al, (2013), K=0.4618 (monthly), L∞= 249.32 and T0= 0.12, while for shrimp
they were taken according to the research of Andrade de Pasquier and Perez E. (2004), K=3.24 (annual), L∞= 20.0 and
T0= -0.2927, Figures 4 and 5 will show the evidence of what was described respectively.
For the equation in Figure 4, we used a maximum growth time of 6 months (one production cycle) and a maximum growth
size of 249.32 mm, while for Figure 5, we used the same maximum growth time of 0. 5 (half a year) and a maximum size
of 20 cm, this according to the studies of tilapia and shrimp culture respectively mentioned above, comparing both graphs
we can see that for month 3 will be maintained in a sustained growth for both species, while after that the growth will
not be so pronounced, according to the shbase database (Population Length/Weight - Detail, n. d.) on the length/weight
relationship for red tilapia we can determine that according to the growth graph in Figure 4 it will reach an average weight
of 398.95gr, while according to the Ramos Cruz (2000) database the shrimp will reach an average weight of 27.5gr.
The results obtained in this research on polyculture of shrimp and tilapia are consistent with previous studies that
highlight the advantages of this practice in terms of sustainability and eciency. Fitzsimmons and Shahkar (2017) found
that polyculture of tilapia and shrimp in the Philippines not only improved water quality, but also optimized resource
use, resulting in more sustainable and protable production (Zhang et al., 2020). Similarly, Ortega-Salas et al. (2013)
documented that in Ecuador, the implementation of polyculture systems resulted in a signicant increase in tilapia
production while maintaining adequate conditions for shrimp growth. These studies support the ndings presented in
this research, which demonstrate that polyculture is not only a viable strategy to increase production, but also oers
environmental benets by reducing the ecological impact of aquaculture. However, it is important to note that, as
mentioned by Valenti et al. (2018), eective implementation of polycultures requires complex logistics and specialized
management, which may represent a barrier to their large-scale adoption. The results obtained in the life cycle inventory
(LCA) analysis indicate that polyculture has a signicant impact on oxygen levels in white shrimp ponds, which translates
into a survival rate of 45% after three months, in the absence of pre-harvest. However, this negative eect can be mitigated
by constant monitoring by the responsible personnel and the application of preventive measures that reduce the risk of
diseases, which increases the survival rate. Compared to traditional monoculture, polyculture is notably more productive
and more resistant to environmental uctuations, adapting better to the biodiversity of the environment. This positions
polyculture as a superior sustainable option for shrimp production. However, its implementation faces challenges, mainly
due to the logistical complexity involved, such as species coordination, personnel training and additional infrastructure
and management costs.
Finally, an inverse relationship has been detected between species growth and oxygen levels, i.e., as growth increases,
available oxygen levels decrease; a similar phenomenon occurs with water pH. For this reason, it is crucial that growers
pre-harvest to maintain these levels within optimal ranges. The models presented in this research provide growers with
tools to avoid contingencies, improve crop eciency and optimize decision-making.
Polyculture of shrimp and tilapia: administrative innovation for sustainable aquaculture in Sinaloa
Somoza-Ríos et al., 2024.
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Table 1.
LCA Inventory to produce 1 ton of shrimp.
Finished product: Amount: Weight:
White shrimp 10 gr 100,000 shrimps 1 tonne
Inputs Amount Unit Process used Unit Amount Outputs
Pumping electricity 51.45 kWh Shrimp broodstock pond
Males and females 24 piezas Shrimp broodstock pond
Food 20 kg Shrimp broodstock pond
Brackish water 1,004.21 m³ Shrimp broodstock pond
Electricity for blowers 282.24 kWh Shrimp broodstock pond
Shrimp broodstock pond m³ 1,004.21 Sewage
Pumping electricity 51.45 kWh Female spawning
Food 0 kg Female spawning
Brackish water 1,004.21 m3 Female spawning
Electricity for blowers 141.12 Kwh Female spawning
Female spawning m³ 1,004.21 Sewage
Pumping electricity 102.9 kWh Nauplii, zoeae and mysis
production
Food 0 Kg Nauplii, zoeae and mysis
production
Brackish water 2,008.41 m³ Nauplii, zoeae and mysis
production
Electricity for blowers 846.72 kwh Nauplii, zoeae and mysis
production
Nauplii, zoeae and mysis
production
m³ 2,008.41 Sewage
Fuel 1,500 l Transport of postlarvae to the
aquaculture farm
Transport of postlarvae to the
aquaculture farm
kg 3,900 CO2
Pumping electricity 102.9 kWh Postlarvae seeding
Food 200 kg Postlarvae seeding
Brackish water 253,605.12 m³ Postlarvae seeding
Electricity for blowers 0 kWh Postlarvae seeding
Postlarvae seeding m³ 0 Sewage
Pumping electricity 1,763 kwh Harvest of 1 ton of shrimp
Food 20 kg Harvest of 1 ton of shrimp
Brackish water 0 m³ Harvest of 1 ton of shrimp
Electricity for blowers 0 kwh Harvest of 1 ton of shrimp
Harvest of 1 ton of shrimp m³ 253,605.12 Sewage
Fuel 1,500 l Commercialization
Commercialization kg 3,900 CO2
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Figure 3.
Growth curves for dierent commercial aquaculture species.
Figure 4.
Growth curve for tilapia according to “R studio” software.
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