Optimización de la extracción de polifenoles totales a partir de la semilla de Syzygium malaccense

1 Instituto de Farmacia y Alimento, La Lisa. Universidad de la Habana. Cuba.

2 Facultad Tecnológica. Universidad de Santiago de Chile. Santiago, Chile.

*Autor de correspondencia

Cita sugerida: León S, Arencibia J, Casariego A, Oquendo C. Optimization of total polyphenol extraction from Syzygium malaccense seed. Rev Qhalikay. 2024; 8(1): 11-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33936/qkrcs.v8i1.6015

Recibido: Agosto 16, 2023

Aceptado: Enero 16, 2024

Publicado: Abril 10, 2024

Optimization of total polyphenol extraction from Syzygium

malaccense seed

Autores

1Susana de Jesús León Cordero

1,2*José Ariel Arencibia Sánchez

1Alicia Casariego Año

1Christian Oquendo García

Resumen

Los polifenoles, son metabolitos secundarios ampliamente distribuidos en el reino vegetal. Estos han sido empleados en la medicina natural en forma de extractos de plantas para aliviar diversas afecciones y enfermedades. Por esta razón, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue la optimización del proceso de extracción del contenido de polifenoles totales, a partir de la semilla de manzana malaya (Syzygium malaccense). Al material vegetal se le determinó el contenido de sustancias solubles, humedad, grasa y contenido de cenizas. Además, se corroboró la presencia de compuestos fenólicos mediante el tamizaje fitoquímico y posteriormente se optimizó el proceso de extracción en función del contenido de polifenoles totales. La mayor extracción de polifenoles totales se obtuvo con 30 % de etanol, tiempo de extracción de 2 h, temperatura de 65 ˚C y una relación droga disolvente de 1 g/5 ml. El extracto optimizado de la semilla de manzana malaya presentó 9071 mg/l de polifenoles totales y una capacidad antioxidante de 1023,3 µmol/g. Se recomienda la utilización del extracto en la formulación de suplementos dietéticos y productos fitoterapéuticos destinados a promover la salud cardiovascular, reducir el estrés oxidativo y fortalecer el sistema inmunológico.

Palabras clave: semilla; Syzygium malaccense; optimización; polifenoles; extracción

Abstract

Polyphenols are secondary metabolites widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They have been used in natural medicine in the form of plant extracts to alleviate various conditions and diseases. For this reason, the objective of the present work was the optimization of the extraction process of the total polyphenol content from the seed of Malayan apple (Syzygium malaccense). The content of soluble substances, moisture, fat and ash content were determined from the plant material. In addition, the presence of phenolic compounds was corroborated by phytochemical screening and then the extraction process was optimized according to the total polyphenol content. The highest extraction of total polyphenols was obtained with 30% ethanol, extraction time of 2 h, temperature of 65 ˚C and solvent drug ratio of 1 g/5 ml. The optimized Malaysian apple seed extract exhibited 9071 mg/l total polyphenols and an antioxidant capacity of 1023.3 µmol/g. The extract is recommended for use in the formulation of dietary supplements and phytotherapeutic products aimed at promoting cardiovascular health, reducing oxidative stress and strengthening the immune system.

Keywords: seed; Syzygium malaccense; optimization; polyphenols; extraction

Introduction

Due to the high frequency of various degenerative diseases in recent decades1, as well as the demand for natural products with potential for human health2, have prompted the discovery of various phytochemical compounds that have extensive potential for exploitation in the food and pharmaceutical industry3, among these compounds are polyphenols, which have the ability to modulate the activity of different enzymes and consequently interfere in signaling mechanisms in various cellular processes. Their antioxidant properties justify many of their beneficial effects4, since they prevent diseases related to oxidative stress, increasing the effectiveness of the immune system considerably, avoiding diseases in internal organs or tissue lesions with the help of enzymes with antioxidant activity5. They also develop antimicrobial properties on bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, two common bacteria that frequently cause gastrointestinal infections in animals and humans5.

Syzygium malaccense (S. malaccense), commonly known as Malay apple, is native to Malaysia6, is among the group of medicinal plants, which are the richest biological resource of drugs in traditional systems of medicine7, namely modern, nutraceuticals, food supplements, folk medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs8. This plant has been used for the treatment of infections of the mouth (candidiasis), dysentery, diabetes, constipation, coughs, colds, headaches, and it is also used as an emmenagogue6.

There are studies that reveal the presence of an enriched source of polyphenols in this genus (Syzygium spp.), as is the case of Camacho, Melgarejo, & De-la-Rosa8 who studied the ripe fruit of S. cumini; Arencibia9, in the fruit of S. malaccense and Camelo10, in the fruit of S. paniculatum (G.). In addition, it has been demonstrated that there is a high concentration of polyphenols in seeds of S. humilis, studied by Flores et al.11 Due to the little or almost no study on the content of total polyphenols (TPC) in the seed of Syzyguim malaccense, the process of extracting TPC from the seed of S. malaccense was optimized.

Methodology

The present work was developed in the laboratories of the Institute of Pharmacy and Food of the University of Havana. The fruits of S. malaccense were collected in May and June 2019 in Sagua la Grande, which were stored in boxes for subsequent transfer to the Institute of Pharmacy and Food of the University of Havana. Fruits were selected that presented, in general, the same characteristics of size, color and absence of spots, cracks and visible morphological alterations. For the development of the research it was necessary to separate the pulp from the seed; for this purpose a stainless steel scalpel No. 3 was used. Subsequently, the seeds were crushed with a mortar and dried in an oven (YDL-6000, AISET, China) at 40 ºC. The plant drug was then sieved to a particle size of less than 0.5 mm and deposited in amber-colored jars, placed in a desiccator with activated silica gel until further use.

The vegetable drug was determined the content of water-soluble substances, 60 and 90% (v/v) in hydroalcoholic mixture, in addition to the moisture content by gravimetric method, the ash content, and fat by Soxhlet method. These determinations were carried out according to Miranda & Cuellar12.

The vegetable drug was subjected to a phytochemical screening for the identification of its composition. The system of crosses was used as a measurement criterion to specify the qualification of these secondary metabolites12.

For the optimization of the extraction of total polyphenols from S. malaccense seed, the Design Expert 11.1.2.0 software (Stad-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, USA) was used. This was done in order to obtain the experimental design and subsequently the processing of the S. malaccense seed extracts, so that the selected extract would present the highest total polyphenol contents. The numerical optimization method was used through a response surface design I Optimum, generating a mathematical model that described the variations of the variables in each experimental run. The factors evaluated were ethanol percentage (A) in intervals of 30, 60 and 90% (v/v), extraction time (B) in intervals of 2, 6 and 12 h, temperature (C) in intervals of 25, 45 and 65 ºC and mass/solvent ratio (D) in intervals of 1 g/5 ml and 1 g/10 ml, while TPC was the response variable. The total number of combinations defined by the software was 24 runs, including 5 replicates and 5 points for model misfit.

Extracts were obtained by maceration with occasional shaking, according to the specifications of the design matrix (Table 3). At the end of the extraction time for each of the runs, the resulting mixture was filtered under vacuum and the solid residue was discarded. The filtrate was recovered to determine its TPC.

The quantification of polyphenols was performed according to the methodology proposed by Slinkard & Singlenton13. The assay consisted of adding 50 μl of S. malaccense extract and 2.5 ml of diluted Folin-Ciocalteu reagent solution (1:9). After 5 min, 2 ml of 7.5% (m/v) Na2CO3 was added and 2 h was waited for. After this time, the absorbance was measured at 765 nm in a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Rayleigh UV-1601, Beijing). Gallic acid at concentrations between 100 and 500 mg/l was used as a standard for the calibration curve. A blank assay prepared with 50 μl of distilled water under the same conditions as the sample was also performed to calibrate the equipment and eliminate interference from absorbances produced by the solvents and reagents used in the technique. The concentration of polyphenols was expressed in mg of gallic acid equivalent/l of extract according to the calibration curve.

After the numerical optimization process, the TPC was determined from the optimized extract following the same methodology proposed by Slinkard & Singlenton13 mentioned above.

For the antioxidant capacity, 10 mg of ABTS were weighed and dissolved to 1 ml to obtain a solution of ABTS (19.4 mM). Subsequently, an ammonium persulfate solution (438 mM) was prepared by weighing 100 mg of ammonium persulfate (PSA) and dissolving it with 1 ml of distilled water. Next, 180 µl of 19.4 mM ABTS was mixed with 3 µl of 438 mM PSA and made up to 500 µl with MilliQ water. The ABTS/PSA mixture was heated at 68 °C for 13 min to generate the stable ABTS radical. The ABTS radical preparation was then diluted until the absorbance at 734 nm was around 0.70 using distilled water as a blank12.

For the determination of the antioxidant capacity, 980 µl of the ABTS radical solution was mixed with 20 µl of the optimized extract and incubated at 37 °C for 10 min. Finally, the absorbance at 734 nm was measured in a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Rayleigh UV1601, Beijing). For the calibration curve, 13 mg of ascorbic acid was weighed and dissolved to 1 ml, thus obtaining a 73.8 mM ascorbic acid stock solution, then 5 µl of this solution was taken and made up to 500 µl to obtain a 738 µM ascorbic acid solution. From this solution, solutions were prepared at increasing and exactly known concentrations of the reference standard (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 500, 600 and 700 µM). In addition, a blank assay was performed with distilled water to calibrate the equipment and eliminate interferences produced by the reagents used in the technique12.

Density was determined according to Miranda et al.12, using a capillary tube pycnometer. The refractive index and soluble solids were determined in triplicate in an Abbe refractometer with temperature correction12. The pH was determined using a pH meter model Basic 20+ (Crison, Spain). The readings were taken in triplicate12. In addition, the total solids content was determined by drying in a thermogravimetric balance MA-40 (Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany) at 105 ºC to constant mass.

Results and discussion

Table 1 shows the results obtained for the different physicochemical indicators evaluated in the vegetable drug. The value of water-soluble substances (16.51%) was lower than that reported by Flores et al.11 in a study of the crude drug of S. humilis and the seeds of Mimusops splos, which were 11.46 % and 10.90%, respectively14.

The highest percentage of soluble substances was obtained in the 60 % ethanol extract (16.86%), a value that is higher than that reported by Bulgarin et al.15, in the study of 98% ethanol soluble substances from the bitter seed of Nephelium lappaceum L, and by Jimenez et al.16 in the study of 70% ethanol extractable substances from the seeds of P. quadrangularis, which were 4.44% and 20.71%, respectively. These differences in the percentages of soluble substances in the different solvents can be attributed to the difference between the polarity of these, as well as the origin and chemical composition of the plant materials in question17.

A moisture percentage similar to that obtained by Arias18, which was 7.72% moisture in pomegranate seeds (Punica granatum L.), and lower than that reported by Panchana & Velásquez14, which was 10.9% in Mimusops sp. seeds, was obtained. According to Miranda & Cuellar12, moisture values should be between 8 and 10%, a characteristic that makes it stable to deterioration processes that require the presence of high water content to occur, such as hydrolysis14, which is the range in which the one analyzed in this study is found.

García19 obtained 3.89 ± 0.166 fat in the seeds of Ebenopsis ebano, which, in comparison with that studied in this work, is higher than the average that characterizes the Malayan apple. Douglas et al.20 also analyzed the fat content (53.13%) of corozo seeds, a value that is higher than that analyzed in this study, as well as Cervantes et al.21 who analyzed the fat content (17.6%) of pumpkin seeds.

The ash content was found to be within the specification limits established by Pharmacopoeias for most medicinal plants, which should be less than 5%22-24. The values reported (1.65%) were lower than those analyzed in this study, coinciding with the study carried out on the ash content (2.10 ± 0.06%) of corozo seed by Douglas et al.20 which was also lower. The values for ash content (5.29%) of squash seed reported by Cervantes & Torres21 were higher. Total ash is an indicator of the quality of the material studied, since it is an essential element for determining the identity and purity of the drug by reporting the possible adulteration with inorganic matter or foreign bodies or the amount of these elements in its content, as stated by Evans24 and Chanda25.

+: Presence, +-: Slight presence, -: Absence, Blank spaces: test not performed.

Table 2 shows the absence of triterpenes in the ethereal extract, coinciding with Camacho et al.8 in the chromatographic analysis of the ethereal extract of the ripe fruit of S. cumini, reporting the following compounds: β-guaiene, triterpene, trans-caryophyllene, β-pinene and α-pinene. Arencibia9 reported the presence of fatty compounds in the fruit of S. malaccense, coinciding with that analyzed in this work, except for the presence of alkaloids and lactonic groups.

The ethanolic extract reported the absence of reducing sugars and anthocyanins. The presence of polyphenols was demonstrated, coinciding with Camelo10 in the study of the ethanolic extract in the fruit of Syzygium paniculatum species and that reported by Arencibia9 in the fruit of S. malaccense.

The results reported in the aqueous extract coincide with the phytochemical screening carried out on the whole seed of S. humilis by Flores et al. 11 except for flavonoids and saponins; these differences between the results are due to the fact that the plant belongs to different species, as well as the influence of the stress conditions to which the plant has been subjected, among others17.

Table 3 shows the experimental design and the result for each variable, as a function of TPC. The highest TPC extraction was obtained in run number 23; these differences can be attributed to the decrease in ethanol content and the increase in temperature9. The study replicates 1 and 22; 4 and 12; 6 and 11; 18 and 19 differed significantly in total polyphenol content, while replicates 1 and 4; 7 and 13 did not differ significantly in TPC.

Mean standard deviation n = 3. Different letters indicate significant differences for p ≤ 0.05.

The responses obtained for each of the runs were related to the four independent variables through a quadratic equation for the TPC: The best fit of the variables to the models was:

TPC=+ 4083,35 - 1498,96 A + 439,79 B + 774,03 C - 1001,87 D+146,56 AB - 572,08 AC + 814,83 AD + 375,47 BC - 439,29 BD - 305,85 CD - 1535,42 A² + 394,51 B² - 224,13 C² (Ec.1)

Where:

TPC: Total polyphenol content, A: % Ethanol, B: Extraction time, C: Temperature, D: Mass/solvent ratio.

When analyzing equation 1, it is evident that the coefficients of linear factors A and D were negative, while the coefficients of linear factors B and C were positive. In addition, it can be observed that the interactions between AC, BD and CD, as well as factor A2, presented negative coefficients, therefore, an increase in temperature during the extraction process will decrease the TPC since these factors turned out to be significant (p ≤ 0.05) (Table 4). In the case of AD and BC, they were linear and their coefficients were positive, therefore, an increase in these variables will increase the TPC in the extraction process.

Table 4 shows that the independent variables (A, B, C, D), which significantly affected the TPC during the extraction process. For the interactions between AC, AD, BC, BD and CD, they turned out to be significant because their values are below p ≤ 0.05, while the interaction AB, turned out not to be significant, so it could not be affirmed that there will be an increase or decrease of the TPC when interacting the independent variables A and B during the extraction process.

An R2 = 0.9960 and an adjusted R2 = 0.9907 were obtained, values close to 1 that indicate linearity and precision. The lack of adjustment was not significant, because the F value is 4.26, which implies that there is a 5.23% probability that the process was affected by some interference outside the extraction process26.

Figure 1. Influence of ethanol percentage, extraction time, mass/solvent ratio and temperature on the TPC. (a) 1 g/5 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 30% ethanol; (b) 1 g/10 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 30% ethanol; (c) 1 g/5 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 60% ethanol; (d) 1 g/10 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 60% ethanol; (e) 1 g/5 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 90% ethanol; (f) 1 g/10 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 90% ethanol.

Figure 2. Influence of ethanol percentage, extraction time, mass/solvent ratio and temperature on TPC. (a) 1 g/5 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 25 ºC; (b) 1 g/10 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 25 ºC; (c) 1 g/5 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 45 ºC; (d) 1 g/10 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 45 ºC; (e) 1 g/5 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 65 ºC; (f) 1 g/10 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 65 ºC.

Figure 1 (a) shows that the highest TPC was obtained with 30% ethanol, temperature between 55 ˚C and 65 ˚C, extraction time from 8 to 12 h and solvent drug ratio 1 g/5 ml. Arencibia et al.9 determined the TPC to a liquid pink dye, from Malayan apple fruit with the same drug/solvent ratio 1 g/5 ml, the highest extraction of total polyphenols was obtained with 75% ethanol, extraction time of 6 h and 60 ˚C temperature, values similar to those obtained in this work, except for the percentage of ethanol and extraction time. The latter may be due to the fact that this variable, after a certain time, may not be significant for the extraction of polyphenols, according to Fick’s first law of diffusion, which states that there will be a final equilibrium between the solute in the solid matrix and the extraction solvent28.

Figure 2 e), shows that at a temperature of 65 ˚C, 30% to 60% ethanol, and 8 to 12 h extraction time with a drug/solvent ratio 1 g/5 ml, the highest TPC was obtained. According to Arencibia et al.9 the highest TPC was obtained at a temperature of 60 ˚C, with ethanol percentage between 60% and 66%, with extraction time from 6 h to 24 h and a drug/solvent ratio 1 g/5 ml. As could be observed, these data coincide with the ranges of the study variables of this work, except for the factors temperature and ethanol, which were found to be significant for p ≤ 0.05.

In Figure 3 e), the highest TPC was obtained, with an extraction time of 12 h, with temperature of 45 to 65 ˚C, and 30 to 60% ethanol, coinciding with a study by Arencibia et al.9 to a Malaysian apple liquid pink dye.

Figure 3. Influence of ethanol percentage, extraction time, mass/solvent ratio and temperature on TPC. (a) 1 g/5 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 2 h; (b) 1 g/10 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 2 h; (c) 1 g/5 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 6 h; (d) 1 g/10 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 6 h; (d) 1 g/5 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 12 h; (f) 1 g/10 ml as mass/solvent ratio and 12 h.

Based on the information provided in the description and discussion in Figures 1 a), 2 e) and 3 e) and comparison with the study by Arencibia et al.9 some partial conclusions can be derived for the optimization process in the extraction of total polyphenols from Malaysian apple seed. The results suggest that the optimum temperature range for achieving high CPT is between 55˚ C and 65˚ C, although some specific variations may be acceptable without significantly compromising the extraction efficiency on CPT. It is noted that the percentages of ethanol used for extraction can vary between 30% and 60%, this range can be effective, providing some flexibility in the choice of solvent. The study suggests that after a certain point, the extraction time may not significantly influence the extracted CPT due to diffusion principles so that an extraction time in the range of 8 to 12 hours is adequate to obtain a high CPT. The similarities between the results of this study and the study of Arencibia et al.9 provide some cross-validation and reinforce the reliability of the experimental results.

a: expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent per liter of extract, b: µmol of ascorbic acid per gram of extract.

The optimized extract of S. malaccense presented 9071 mg/l of total polyphenols, a value higher than that reported by Arencibia et al.9 (1667 mg/l) in the fruit of S. malaccense and also higher than that reported by Muller30 in black (295 mg/l) and white (185.91 mg/l) chia seeds. These differences can be attributed to the fact that the comparison was made between different species and anatomical parts of the plants, in addition to the interferences of organic acids and sugars that lead to an overestimation of the content of phenolic compounds17.

Camacho et al.30 determined the antioxidant capacity of a 99% ethanol extract of S. cumini seed (88909 mg ascorbic acid/100 g of fruit); these results were higher than those reported in this study (1023.3 µmol/g = 1822.4 mg ascorbic acid/100 g of fruit).

The refractive index can be used as a quality parameter, as it gives an indirect criterion of the concentration of the extract in relation to its total solids content, and therefore its density9,12. In this sense, the density of the concentrated extract corresponded to its high total solids content. The extract presented a pH with a basic tendency, since a value of 5.4 ± 0.02 was obtained.

The total solids content was evaluated because it is of great relevance and an important requirement in the analysis of the quality control of extracts obtained from medicinal plants12.

Conclusions

The highest percentage of soluble substances (16.86%) was obtained in the 60% ethanol extract. S. malaccense seed is stable against deterioration processes such as hydrolysis, given its low moisture content. The highest extraction of compounds was favored by high polarity solvents, being higher for the hydroalcoholic mixture. Phytochemical screening yielded the presence of fatty compounds, alkaloids, lactonic clustering, catechins, reducing sugars, saponins, phenolic compounds, quinones and bitter principles. The significant influence of temperature, extraction time, ethanol percentage and drug/solvent ratio on the extraction of total polyphenols was demonstrated. Evaluation of these parameters indicates that, to optimize the extraction of total polyphenols from Malaysian apple seed, temperatures between 55 ˚C to 65 ˚C, ethanol percentages between 30% and 60%, and extraction times of 8 to 12 hours should be considered. The content of total polyphenols present in the optimized S. malaccense seed extract was 9071 mg/l. These conclusions can serve as a starting point for further optimization, considering other aspects such as costs, efficiency and specific applications of the extracted polyphenols.

Conflictos de interés

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Referencias bibliográficas

1. Shoji Y, & Nakashima H. Nutraceutics and delivery systems. J of drug target. 2004;12(6):385-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611860400003817

2. Mateus N & de Freitas V. Anthocyanins as food colorants. In Anthocyanins: biosynthesis, functions, and applications. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2008, p. 284-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77335-3_9

3. Bhowmik D, Gopinath H, Kumar BP, Duraivel S, & Kumar KS. Nutraceutical-a bright scope and opportunity of Indian healthcare market. The Pharma Innovation 2013;1(11, Part A): 29. www.thepharmajournal.com

4. Tomás-Barberán FA. Los polifenoles de los alimentos y la salud. Alimentación, Nutrición y Salud 2003; 1136(4815/03): 41-53. https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/18042

5. de la Rosa-Hernández M, Wong-Paz JE, Muñiz-Márquez DB, Carrillo-Inungaray, ML, & Sánchez-González JM. Compuestos fenólicos bioactivos de la toronja (Citrus paradisi) y su importancia en la industria farmacéutica y alimentaria. Rev Mexicana de Ciencias Farmacéuticas 2016; 47(2): 22-35. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57956610003

6. Suriyavathana M, Usha V, & Shanthanayaki M. Studies on phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plants from Kolli hills. J of pharm Res 2010;3(2): 260-62. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103155359

7. Ncube NS, Afolayan AJ, & Okoh AI. Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends. African J of biotechnology 2008;7(12). https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB07.613

8. Camacho-Romero OI, Melgarejo-Gómez S, & De-la-Rosa-Torres C. Extracción y evaluación de los metabolitos secundarios de extractos etéreos del fruto Syzygium cumini (Jambool). Rev Tecnología En Marcha 2017;30(1): 113-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/tm.v30i1.3090

9. Arencibia JA, Rodríguez D, Casariego A, Salas E, & García MA. Obtención de un colorante rosado líquido a partir de la manzana malaya (Syzygium malaccense [L.] Merr. et Perry) de uso potencial en la industria alimentaria. Cienc y Tecnol de Alimentos 2020; 30(2): 46-51. https://www.revcitecal.iiia.edu.cu/revista/index.php/RCTA/article/view/133

10. Camelo DO. Contribución al estudio fitoquímico de frutos de Syzygium paniculatum (G.) y evaluación de su actividad antioxidante. Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas; Bogotá; Colombia; 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11349/3477

11. Flores LZY, Campos DAP, Quiroga SEH, et al. Características fitoquímicas y toxicológicas de la semilla Swietenia humilis Zuccarini y su efecto hipoglucemiante. Rev Cubana Farm 2019;52(1):1-12. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=93929

12. Miranda M, & Cuellar A. Manual de Prácticas de Laboratorio. Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales. Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos. Universidad La Habana-Cuba; 2000, p. 25-49, 74-79.

13. Slinkard K, & Singleton VL. Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American J of enology and viticultur. 1977;28(1):49-55. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1977.28.1.49

14. Panchana Tigrero DR, & Velásquez Chalco AM. (2018). Estudio farmacognóstico y químico comparativo de las semillas de mimusops sp en dos estados de maduración. Universidad de Guayaquil: Ecuador; 2018. http://repositorio.ug.edu.ec/handle/redug/33759

15. Bulgarin Peralta LK., & Loor Hidalgo JI. Estudio preliminar fitoquímico y farmacognostico de la corteza del fruto y del compuesto graso de la semilla amarga de achotillo (Nephelium lappaceum L.). Universidad de Guayaquil: Ecuador; 2018. http://repositorio.ug.edu.ec/handle/redug/29792

16. Jiménez Yanza CP, & Tixe Guamán IB. Evaluación farmacognóstica y fitoquímica del extracto obtenido a partir de las semillas de Passiflora quadrangularis L. (Badea) cultivada en la zona costera del Ecuador. Universidad de Guayaquil: Ecuador; 2017. http://repositorio.ug.edu.ec/handle/redug/21877

17. Fu L, Xu BT, Xu XR, Qin XS, Gan RY, & Li HB. Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of 56 wild fruits from South China. Molecules 2010;15(12): 8602-617. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15128602

18. Arias CO. Estudio farmacognóstico y fitoquímico preliminar de las semillas de la granada Punica granatum L (Bachelor’s thesis, Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas); 2018. http://repositorio.ug.edu.ec/handle/redug/33498

19. Gracia YA. Caracterización química y biológica de extractos crudos de la semilla de Ebenopsis ebano (Ébano) (Doctoral dissertation), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México; 2008. http://eprints.uanl.mx/id/eprint/20817

20. Douglas RBC, Lópes IGD, Gonzáles M, & Moreno MJ. (2005). Evaluación fisico-química de la semilla y del aceite de corozo (Acrocomia aculeata J.). Grasas y Aceites 2005;56(4): 311-16.

21. Cervantes Casas CA, & Torres Puse JR. Optimización de la formulación para el aprovechamiento de las semillas de zapallo (Cucurbita maxima duch) en la elaboración de galletas fortificadas. Universidad Nacional Predo Ruiz Gallo: Perú; 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12893/1503

22. Zhi-Cen, L. General control methods for vegetable drugs. World Health Organization. Ginebra: Suiza; 1980.

23. WHO [World Health Organization]. 1998. Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. WHO/PHARM/92.559. Ginebra: Suiza; 1998.

24. Evans WC. Chapter 16. Quality control. In: Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy. 16th Ed. W. B. Sauders. London: UK; 2009, p. 121-125.

25. Chanda, S. Importance of pharmacognostic study of medicinal plants: An overview. J of pharmacog and phytochem 2014;2(5):69-73. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2014.v2.i5.246/importance-of-pharmacognostic-study-of-medicinal-plants-an-overview

26. Pulido HG, De la Vara Salazar R, González PG, Martínez CT., & Pérez MDCT. Análisis y diseño de experimentos. Ed. McGraw-Hill. New York: USA; 2012.

27. Tyrrell HJV. The origin and present status of Fick’s diffusion law. J of chemical education 1964;41(7):397. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed041p397

28. Muller Tito, KE. Capacidad antioxidante y contenido de flavonoides entre las semillas de Chia Negra (salvia nativa) y Chia Blanca (salvia hispánica l.) Puno, Perú; 2015. http://repositorio.unap.edu.pe/handle/UNAP/2376

29. Camacho RO, Melgarejo GS, de la Rosa TC, et al. Phenol and anthocyanin content and correlation with the antioxidant capacity of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, (jambolan). Rev Cubana Plantas Medicinales 2016;21(1):63-70. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumenI.cgi?IDARTICULO=65374

30. Olivet, ES, de la Caridad Sánchez-Milán D, Cuéllar AC, Marín RM, Arencibia JA, & García-Beltrán JA. (2020). Estudio farmacognóstico de Hymenocallis caribaea (Amaryllidaceae). Rev Del Jardín Botánico Nacional 2020;41: 109–17. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26975233

Contribución de los autores

Conceptualización: José Ariel Arencibia Sánchez

Curación de datos: José Ariel Arencibia Sánchez, Alicia Casariego Año, Susana de Jesús León Cordero

Análisis formal: José Ariel Arencibia Sánchez, Alicia Casariego Año, Susana de Jesús León Cordero, Christian Oquendo García

Adquisición de fondos: No procede

Investigación: José Ariel Arencibia Sánchez, Alicia Casariego Año, Susana de Jesús León Cordero, Christian Oquendo García

Metodología: José Ariel Arencibia Sánchez, Alicia Casariego Año, Susana de Jesús León Cordero

Administración del proyecto: Alicia Casariego Año

Recursos: No procede

Software: No procede

Supervisión: José Ariel Arencibia Sánchez, Alicia Casariego Año

Validación: No procede

Visualización: Susana de Jesús León Cordero, Christian Oquendo García

Redacción del borrador original: Susana de Jesús León Cordero, Christian Oquendo García

Redacción, revisión y edición: José Ariel Arencibia Sánchez, Susana de Jesús León Cordero

Table 1. Physicochemical indicators of the plant drug.

Table 2. Phytochemical profile of S. malaccense seed.

Metabolite | Assay | Ethereal Extract | Ethanolic Extract | Aqueous Extract
Fatty compounds | Sudan | + |  |
Alkaloids | Dragendorff | + | - | -
Lactone grouping | Baljet | +- | + |
Triterpenes / steroids | Lieberman. B | - | - |
Catechins | Catechins |  | + |
Resins | Resins |  | - |
Reducing sugars | Fehling |  | - | +
Saponins | Espuma |  | + | +
Phenolic compounds | Ferric (III) chloride |  | + | +
Free amino acids / amines | Nihydrin |  | - |
Quinones / benzoquinones | Bortranger |  | + |
Flavonoids | Shinoda |  | +- | +-
Cardiotonic glycosides | Kedde |  | - |
Anthocyanins | Anthocyanidins |  | - |
Mucilages | Mucilages |  |  | -
Bitter principles | Bitter principles |  |  | +

Indicator (%) | Mean (standard deviation)
Aqueous soluble substances | 16,51(0,22)
Ethanol soluble substances 60% | 16,86(0,44)
Ethanol soluble substances 90% | 7,73(0,22)
Moisture | 8,19(2,80)
Fat | 0,24(0,18)
Ash | 3,08(0,03)

Table 3. Total polyphenol content of S. malaccense extracts.

Run | Ethanol (%) | Extraction time (h) | Temperature (ºC) | Drug/solvent ratio (m/V) | Total polyphenols (mg/L)
1 | 60 | 6 | 45 | 2 | 3027 (106) g
2 | 90 | 12 | 65 | 2 | 1492 (42) c
3 | 60 | 2 | 25 | 1 | 3487 (32) i
4 | 30 | 6 | 45 | 1 | 5717 (119) n
5 | 60 | 2 | 65 | 2 | 3249 (93) h
6 | 60 | 6 | 25 | 1 | 3724 (114) j
7 | 60 | 12 | 45 | 1 | 6530 (62) ñ
8 | 90 | 6 | 65 | 1 | 1252 (72) ab
9 | 60 | 6 | 45 | 2 | 3120 (64) gh
10 | 30 | 12 | 25 | 1 | 4729 (106) l
11 | 60 | 6 | 25 | 1 | 3975 (86) k
12 | 30 | 6 | 45 | 1 | 5500 (56) m
13 | 60 | 12 | 45 | 1 | 6420 (162) ñ
14 | 60 | 6 | 45 | 2 | 3005 (162) g
15 | 30 | 12 | 65 | 2 | 3716 (21) j
16 | 90 | 2 | 25 | 2 | 1359 (81) bc
17 | 30 | 2 | 25 | 2 | 1943 (37) d
18 | 60 | 12 | 25 | 2 | 2513 (60) f
19 | 60 | 12 | 25 | 2 | 2240 (17) e
20 | 90 | 2 | 45 | 2 | 1181 (45) a
21 | 60 | 12 | 65 | 1 | 7450 (51) p
22 | 60 | 6 | 45 | 2 | 3182 (114) h
23 | 30 | 2 | 65 | 1 | 6730 (142) o
24 | 90 | 12 | 25 | 1 | 1445 (56) c

Table 4. Analysis of variance of the models coded for the extraction process

Source | F-value | p-value
Model | 189,19 | < 0,0001
A-Ethanol | 646,00 | < 0,0001
B- Extraction time | 63,18 | < 0,0001
C- Temperature | 235,18 | < 0,0001
D- Drug/solvent ratio | 546,88 | < 0,0001
AB | 4,37 | 0,0630
AC | 68,44 | < 0,0001
AD | 147,90 | < 0,0001
BC | 45,84 | < 0,0001
BD | 54,40 | < 0,0001
CD | 38,83 | < 0,0001
A2 | 342,24 | < 0,0001
B2 | 12,14 | 0,0059
C2 | 3,98 | 0,0741
Lack of fit | 4,26 | 0,0523
R2 |  | 0,9960
R2 Adjusted |  | 0,9907

Table 5. Physicochemical indicators evaluated to the optimized extract of S. malaccense

Indicator | Mean (standard deviation)
Total polyphenols (mg/l)a | 9071(93)
Antioxidant capacity (µmol/g)b | 1023,3(7,4)
Density (g/ml) | 1,163(0,04)
pH | 5,4(0,02)
Total solids (%) | 1,73(0,37)
Soluble solids (˚Brix) | 6,23(0,01)
Refractive index | 1,1258(0,0001)