Laboratorio clínico y COVID-19. Diagnóstico y biomarcadores asociados con la progresión de la enfermedad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33936/qkrcs.v5i3.3572Palabras clave:
SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, diagnóstico de laboratorio, serología, PCR en tiempo realResumen
El mundo se encuentra en medio de una pandemia causada por la enfermedad coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), asociada al virus SARS-CoV-2, reportado por primera vez en diciembre de 2019 en la provincia de Wuhan, China. Debido a su rápida propagación, existe la necesidad de diagnósticos rápidos y precisos que permitan monitorear mejor la enfermedad. El objetivo de esta revisión fue describir y analizar los principales métodos de laboratorio empleados para el diagnóstico de la COVID-19, así como los marcadores bioquímicos asociados con la progresión de la enfermedad. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda minuciosa en PubMed utilizando las siguientes palabras clave: (COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; serología, PCR en tiempo real; métodos; Pruebas rápidas; biomarcadores). Esta revisión ofrece un enfoque de la enfermedad desde el punto de vista del laboratorio clínico, y aporta claridad al creciente conjunto de pruebas de diagnóstico disponibles y en desarrollo; así como la comprensión de los parámetros bioquímicos que se alteran durante la misma. La identificación de biomarcadores de laboratorio eficaces capaces de clasificar a los pacientes en función de su riesgo es imprescindible para poder garantizar un tratamiento oportuno y sirve como guía para científicos, médicos, estudiantes y el público en general.
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6. Lee S, Meyler P, Mozel M, Tauh T, Merchant R. Asymptomatic carriage and transmission of SARS-CoV-2: What do we know? Can J Anaesth Internet. 2020;67(10):1424-1430. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-020-01729-x
7. Pan X, Chen D, Xia Y, Wu X, Li T, Ou X, et al. Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Infect Dis Internet. 2020;20(4):410-411. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30114-6
8. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med Internet. 2020;382(12):1177-1179. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001737
9. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet Internet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
10. Machhi J, Herskovitz J, Senan AM, Dutta D, Nath B, Oleynikov MD, et al. The Natural History, Pathobiology, and Clinical Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infections. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol Internet. 2020;15(3):359-386. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-020-09944-5
11. Liu R, Yi S, Zhang J, Lv Z, Zhu C, Zhang Y. Viral Load Dynamics in Sputum and Nasopharyngeal Swab in Patients with COVID-19. J Dent Res Internet. 2020;99(11):1239-1244. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520946251
12. Yongchen Z, Shen H, Wang X, Shi X, Li Y, Yan J, et al. Different longitudinal patterns of nucleic acid and serology testing results based on disease severity of COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect Internet. 2020;9(1):833-836. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1756699
13. He Y, Luo J, Yang J, Song J, Wei L, Ma W. Value of Viral Nucleic Acid in Sputum and Feces and Specific IgM/IgG in Serum for the Diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Cell Infect Microbiol Internet. 2020;10:445. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00445
14. Charlton CL, Babady E, Ginocchio CC, Hatchette TF, Jerris RC, Li Y, et al. Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Viruses Causing Acute Respiratory Tract Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev Internet. 2018;32(1):e00042-18. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00042-18
15. Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens. JAMA Internet. 2020;323(18):1843-1844. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3786
16. Interim Guidelines for Collecting and Handling of Clinical Specimens for COVID-19 Testing. Centros para el control y la prevención de enfermedades (CDC). Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/lab/guidelines-clinical-specimens.html. [consultado 2021.03.16]
17. Erensoy S. COVID-19 Pandemisinde SARS-CoV-2 ve Mikrobiyolojik Tanı Dinamikler [SARS-CoV-2 and Microbiological Diagnostic Dynamics in COVID-19 Pandemic]. Mikrobiyol Bul Internet. 2020;54(3):497-509. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.5578/mb.69839
18. Sharfstein JM, Becker SJ, Mello MM. Diagnostic Testing for the Novel Coronavirus. JAMA Internet. 2020;323(15):1437-1438. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3864
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Publicado
2021-09-15
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Laboratorio Clínico
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Derechos de autor 2021 Adriana Beatriz Pedreañez Santana, Nelson Muñoz, Jorge Robalino, Diego Tene
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
