Cerebros neurodivergentes en la atención pediátrica primaria: una revisión narrativa

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DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33936/qkrcs.v8i1.6702

Resumen

El concepto de cerebro neurodivergente se emplea para referirse a individuos cuyas características neuronales difieren del promedio, es decir, cuyo neurodesarrollo se aparta del rango considerado “neurotípico”. En este último contexto, el neurodesarrollo sigue un patrón dentro de los parámetros estándar. Dentro del espectro de los cerebros neurodivergentes, cuyas manifestaciones suelen identificarse a temprana edad, destacan el trastorno del espectro autista, el síndrome de Asperger, el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH), la dispraxia y la dislexia. La prevalencia de Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) varía del 1 % al 1,5 %, con cifras específicas como 0,87 % en México y estimaciones de 25 por cada 10,000 habitantes en Brasil. El TDAH afecta al 3-5 % de los niños globalmente y al 5,29 % en Latinoamérica, con 7918 casos registrados recientemente en escuelas públicas de Ecuador. Este trabajo buscó proporcionar una visión integral de la población neurodivergente en pediatría, centrándose en conceptos generales, los síntomas de las principales condiciones y las intervenciones en el primer nivel de atención de salud para mejorar la calidad de vida y el desarrollo de los niños neurodivergentes. Se desarrolló una revisión narrativa de la literatura consultando las bases de datos Science Direct, PubMed y SciElo, incluyendo trabajos publicados en los últimos 10 años, disponibles en formato libre o con acceso mediante las bibliotecas institucionales de los autores, y publicados en español o inglés. En conclusión, en los últimos años ha cambiado la percepción de la discapacidad y los trastornos mentales, adoptando un enfoque centrado en el contexto individual y las necesidades específicas de la persona y su familia. La investigación sobre cerebros neurodivergentes en pediatría, incluyendo los temas abordados, revela la complejidad y diversidad de las experiencias neurológicas en la infancia. Por tanto, aunque existen desafíos en la modificación de preconceptos arraigados en la sociedad, es esencial reconocer la diversidad neuronal como parte fundamental de la condición humana.

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Publicado

2024-08-07

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Medicina