Juvenile of Yellowtail, Seriola dorsalis fed diets from partial to total fish oil and fish meal replacement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33936/at.v3i3.4157Palabras clave:
Fish-Free, Sustainability, Nutrition, Feeds, AquacultureResumen
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of partial to total replacement of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) from diets formulated for the yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis) using poultry by-product meal (PBM) as the main protein source, beef tallow as the main fat source, and supplemented with microalgae oil from Schizochytrium sp. Four experimental diets were formulated to be isoproteic (45.0 % crude protein) and isolipidic (12.0 % crude fat), based on the yellowtail nutritional requirements. Cholesterol was added to compensate its content in the FO. Lysine and methionine were also added to compensate its lower amount in the PBM. DHA-Nature™ was additional incorporated to reach similar levels of DHA than those present in FM and FO. One hundred and eighty S. dorsalis juveniles (14.54 g ± 0.19 g, mean ± SE) were randomly distributed into 12 tanks with 500 L each, connected into a recirculation system. After 48 days experimentation procedure, no significant differences were observed in performance. It is concluded that PBM can efficiently replace FM and FO in diets for Seriola dorsalis without any negative impact, where the fatty acid combination contained in the total replacement favored the use of fat as an energy source if DHA is enriched. However, it will be interesting to study the gene expression within the growth axis to fully comprehend the role of somatic growth vs. growth in length.
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Aguillón, O., Mata, J.A., D’Abramo, L.R., Viana, M.T. (2020). Lipid metabolism in juveniles of Yellowtail, Seriola dorsalis fed different levels of dietary methionine containing a low level of cholesterol: Implication in feed formulation. Aquaculture Nutrition. 26(5), 1463-1475.
AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Araújo, B., Honji, R.M., Rombenso, A.N., Souza, G.B., Mello, P.H., Hilsdorf, A.W.S., Moreira, R.G. (2019). Influence of different arachidonic acid levels and temperatura on the growth performance, fatty acid profile, liver morphology and expression of lipid genes in cobia (Rachycentron canadum) juveniles. Aquaculture 511, 734245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734245
Badillo-Zapata, D., Lazo, J.P., Herzka, S., Viana, M.T. (2014). The effect of substituting fishmeal with poultry by-product meal in diets for Totoaba macdonaldi juveniles. Aquaculture Research. 47.
Bendiksen, E.Å., Johnsen, C.A., Olsen, H.J., Jobling, M. (2011). Sustainable aquafeeds: progress towards reduced reliance upon marine ingredients in diets for farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 314 (1-4), 132–139.
Castillo-López, E., Espinoza-Villegas, R.E., Viana, M.T. (2016). In vitro digestion comparison from fish and poultry by-product meals from simulated digestive process at different times of the Pacific Bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis. Aquaculture 458, 187-194.
Chee, W.L., Turchini, G.M., Teoh, C.Y., Ng, W.K. (2020). Dietary arachidonic acid and the impact on growth performance, health and tissues fatty acids in Malabar red snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) fingerlings. Aquaculture 519, 734757. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734757
Davidson, J., Barrows, F.T., Kenney, P.B., Good, C., Schroyer, K., Summerfelt, S.T. (2016). Effects of feeding a fishmeal-free versus a fishmeal-based diet on post-smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar performance, water quality, and waste production in recirculation aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering 74, 38–51.
FAO, 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018. Food & Agriculture Org.
Folch, J., Lees, M., Sloane-Stanley, G.H. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 497–507.
Forster, I., Dominy, W., Obaldo, L., Tacon, A.G.J. (2003). Rendered meat and bone meals as ingredients of diets for shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Aquaculture 219 (1-4), 655–670.
Fuentes-Quesada, J.P., Rombenso, A.N., Viana, M.T., Guerrero-Rentería, Y., Lazo, J.P., Mata-Sotres, J.A. (2018). Enteritis induction by soybean meal in Totoaba macdonaldi diets: Effects on growth performance, digestive capacity, immune response and distal intestine integrity. Aquaculture 495, 78-89. Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.05.025 ISSN: 0044-8486
Fuentes-Quesada, J.P., Cornejo-Granados, F., Mata-Sotres, J.A., Ochoa-Romo, J.P., Rombenso, A.N., Guerrero-Rentería, Y., Lazo, J.P., Pohlenz, C., Ochoa-Leyva, A., Viana, M.T. (2020). Prebiotic agavin in juvenile totoaba, Totoaba macdonaldi diets, to relieve soybean meal-induced enteritis: Growth performance, gut histology, and microbiota. Aquaculture Nutrition 26(6), 2115-2134.
García- Organista, A., Mata-Sotres, J.A., Viana, M.T., Rombenso, A.N. (2019). The effects of high dietary methionine and taurine are not equal in terms of growth and lipid metabolism of juvenile California Yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis). Aquaculture 512 734-304.
Guerra-Olvera, F.M., Viana, M.T. (2015). Effect of dietary cholesterol content on growth and its accumulation in liver and muscle tissues of juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi). Ciencias Marinas, 41(2):143-156 doi.org/10.7773/cm.v41i2.2514
Johnston, P., Everard, M., Santillo, D., Robert, K.H. (2007). Reclaiming the definition of sustainability. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 14, 60–66.
Karapanagiotidis, I.T, Psofakis, P., Mente, E., Malandrakis, E., Golomazou, E. (2018). Effect of fishmeal replacement by poultry by‐product meal on growth performance, proximate composition, digestive enzyme activity, haematological parameters and gene expression of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture Nutrition 10.1111/anu.12824.
Keramat, A.A., Shahsavary, M., Hedayatifard, M. (2014). Full Replacement of Fishmeal by Poultry by–Product Meal in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1972) Diet. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 13. 1069-1081.
Koven, W., Barr, Y., Lutzky, S., Ben-Atia, I., Weiss, R., Harel, M., Behrens, P., Tandler, A. (2001). The effect of dietary arachidonic acid (20,4n−6) on growth, survival and resistance to handling stress in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. Aquaculture 193, 107–122. Doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00479-8.
Lazzarotto, V., Médale, F., Larroquet, L., Corraze, G. (2018). Long-term dietary replacement of fishmeal and fish oil in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on growth, whole body fatty acids and intestinal and hepatic gene expression. PLoS One 13 (1), e0190730.
Marques, V.H., Moreira, R.G., Branco, G.S., Honji, R.M., Rombenso, A.N., Viana, M.T., Mello, P.H., Mata-Sotres, J.A., Araújo, B.C. (2021). Different saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids levels in fish oil-free diets to cobia (Rachycentron canadum) juveniles: Effects in growth performance and lipid metabolism. Aquaculture 541, 736843. Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736843.
Mata-Sotres, J.A., Tinajero-Chavez, A., Barreto-Curiel, F., Pares-Sierra, G., Del Rio-Zaragosa, O.B., Viana, M. T., Rombenso, A.N. (2018). DHA (22:6n-3) supplementation is valuable in Totoaba macdonaldi fish oil-free feeds containing poultry by-product meal and beef tallow. Aquaculture 497, 440-451.
Mata-Sotres, J.A., Marques, V.H., Barba, D., Braga, A., Araújo, B., Viana, M.T., Rombenso, A.N. (2021). Increasing dietary SFA:MUFA ratio with low levels of LC-PUFA affected lipid metabolism, tissue fatty acid profile and growth of juvenile California Yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis). Aquaculture 543, 737011. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737011
Naylor, R.L., Hardy, R.W., Bureau, D.P., Chiu, A., Elliot, M., Farrell, A.P., Foster, I., Gatlin, D.M., Goldburg, R.J., Hua, K., Nichols, P.D. (2009). Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (36), 15103–15110. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905235106.
Nengas, I., Alexis, M., Davies, S.J. (1999). High inclusion levels of poultry meals and related by-products in diets for gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. Aquaculture 179, 13–23.
Norambuena, F., Rombenso, A., Turchini, G.M. (2016). Towards the optimization of Atlantic salmon reared at different water temperatures via the manipulation of dietary ARA/EPA ratio. Aquaculture 450, 48–57.
Oliva-Teles, A., Enes, P., Peres, H. (2015). Replacing fishmeal and fish oil in industrial aquafeeds for carnivorous fish. Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture. Elsevier, pp. 203–233.
Parés-Sierra , G., Durazo , E., Ponce , M.A., Badillo , D., Correa-Reyes, G., Viana, M.T. (2014). Partial to total replacement of fishmeal by poultry by-product meal in diets for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their effect on fatty acids from muscle tissue and the time required to retrieve the effect. Aquaculture Research 45(9):1459-1469. doi:10.1111/are.12092 (ISSN: 1365-2109)
Parrish C.C., Nichols, P.D., Pethybridge, H., Young, J.W. (2015). Direct determination of fatty acids in fish tissues: quantifying top predator trophic connections. Methods 177, 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(90)90017-f
Pelletier, N., Tyedmers, P. (2007). Feeding farmed salmon: Is organic better? Aquaculture 272 (1-4), 399–416.
Pratoomyot, J., Benediksen, E.A., Campbell, P.J., Jauncey, K.J., Bell, J.G., Tocher, D.R. (2011). Effects of different blends of protein sources as alternaives to dietary fishmeal on growth performance and body lipid composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 316, 44-52.
Psofakis, P., Karapanagioditis, I.T., Malandrakis, E.E., Golomazou, E., Exadactylos, A., Mente, E. (2020). Effect of fishmeal replacement by hydrolyzed feather meal on growth performance, proximate composition, digestive enzyme activity, hematological parameters and growth-related gene expression of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture 521, 735006.
Smith, W.L. (1992). Protanoids biosynthesis and mechanisms of action. American Journal of Physiology 263, F181-F191.
Tharuka, M.D.N., Priyathilaka, T.T., Kim, J., Lim, C., Lee, J. (2019). Molecular characterization of big-belly seahorse (Hippocamus abdominalis) arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (HaALOX5): First evidence of an immune defensive role by induced immunological stress in teleost. Fish Shellfish Immunology 86, 230–238. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.042
Trushenski, J., Schwarz, M., Bergman, A., Rombenso, A., Delbos, B. (2012). DHA is essential, EPA appears largely expendable, in meeting the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture 326-329, 81–89.
Nengas, I., Alexis, M.N., Davies, S.J. (1999). High inclusion levels of poultry meals and related byproducts in diets for gilthead seabream Spaus aurata L. Aquaculture 179:1-4, 13-23.
Sabbagh, M., Schiavone, R., Brizzi, G., Sicuro, B., Zilli, L., Vilella, S. (2019). Poultry by-product meal as an alternative to fish meal in the juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) diet. Aquaculture, 511, 734220.
Steffens, W. (2003). Replacing fish meal with poultry by-product meal in diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 124, 27-34
Stone, D.A.J., Hardy, R.W., Barrows, F.T., Cheng, Z.J. (2005). Effects on Extrusion on Nutritional Value of Diets Containing Corn Gluten Meal and Corn Distiller´s Grain for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 17 (3), 1–20.
Tacon, A.G., Metian, M., 2008. Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects. Aquaculture 285 (1-4), 146–158.
Tang, S., Qin, C., Wang, H., Li, S., Tian, S. (2011). Study on supercritical extraction of lipids and enrichment of DHA from oil-rich microalgae. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 57, 44-49.
Tlusty, M.F., Thorsen, Ø. (2017). Claiming seafood is ‘sustainable’ risks limiting improvements. Fish and Fisheries 18 (2) (2017) 340–346, doi.org/10.1111/faf.12170.
Tocher, D.R. (2003). Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science 11 (2), 107–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/713610925.
Tocher, D.R. (2015). Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective. Aquaculture 449, 94-107. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.01.010
Viana, M.T., Rombenso, A.N., Del Rio-Zaragoza, O.B., Nomura, M., Díaz-Arguello, R., Mata-Sotres, J.A. (2019). Intestinal health impairment of the California Yellowtail, Seriola dorsalis, using soybean meal in the diet. Aquaculture 513, 734443
AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Araújo, B., Honji, R.M., Rombenso, A.N., Souza, G.B., Mello, P.H., Hilsdorf, A.W.S., Moreira, R.G. (2019). Influence of different arachidonic acid levels and temperatura on the growth performance, fatty acid profile, liver morphology and expression of lipid genes in cobia (Rachycentron canadum) juveniles. Aquaculture 511, 734245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734245
Badillo-Zapata, D., Lazo, J.P., Herzka, S., Viana, M.T. (2014). The effect of substituting fishmeal with poultry by-product meal in diets for Totoaba macdonaldi juveniles. Aquaculture Research. 47.
Bendiksen, E.Å., Johnsen, C.A., Olsen, H.J., Jobling, M. (2011). Sustainable aquafeeds: progress towards reduced reliance upon marine ingredients in diets for farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 314 (1-4), 132–139.
Castillo-López, E., Espinoza-Villegas, R.E., Viana, M.T. (2016). In vitro digestion comparison from fish and poultry by-product meals from simulated digestive process at different times of the Pacific Bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis. Aquaculture 458, 187-194.
Chee, W.L., Turchini, G.M., Teoh, C.Y., Ng, W.K. (2020). Dietary arachidonic acid and the impact on growth performance, health and tissues fatty acids in Malabar red snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) fingerlings. Aquaculture 519, 734757. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734757
Davidson, J., Barrows, F.T., Kenney, P.B., Good, C., Schroyer, K., Summerfelt, S.T. (2016). Effects of feeding a fishmeal-free versus a fishmeal-based diet on post-smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar performance, water quality, and waste production in recirculation aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering 74, 38–51.
FAO, 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018. Food & Agriculture Org.
Folch, J., Lees, M., Sloane-Stanley, G.H. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 497–507.
Forster, I., Dominy, W., Obaldo, L., Tacon, A.G.J. (2003). Rendered meat and bone meals as ingredients of diets for shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Aquaculture 219 (1-4), 655–670.
Fuentes-Quesada, J.P., Rombenso, A.N., Viana, M.T., Guerrero-Rentería, Y., Lazo, J.P., Mata-Sotres, J.A. (2018). Enteritis induction by soybean meal in Totoaba macdonaldi diets: Effects on growth performance, digestive capacity, immune response and distal intestine integrity. Aquaculture 495, 78-89. Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.05.025 ISSN: 0044-8486
Fuentes-Quesada, J.P., Cornejo-Granados, F., Mata-Sotres, J.A., Ochoa-Romo, J.P., Rombenso, A.N., Guerrero-Rentería, Y., Lazo, J.P., Pohlenz, C., Ochoa-Leyva, A., Viana, M.T. (2020). Prebiotic agavin in juvenile totoaba, Totoaba macdonaldi diets, to relieve soybean meal-induced enteritis: Growth performance, gut histology, and microbiota. Aquaculture Nutrition 26(6), 2115-2134.
García- Organista, A., Mata-Sotres, J.A., Viana, M.T., Rombenso, A.N. (2019). The effects of high dietary methionine and taurine are not equal in terms of growth and lipid metabolism of juvenile California Yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis). Aquaculture 512 734-304.
Guerra-Olvera, F.M., Viana, M.T. (2015). Effect of dietary cholesterol content on growth and its accumulation in liver and muscle tissues of juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi). Ciencias Marinas, 41(2):143-156 doi.org/10.7773/cm.v41i2.2514
Johnston, P., Everard, M., Santillo, D., Robert, K.H. (2007). Reclaiming the definition of sustainability. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 14, 60–66.
Karapanagiotidis, I.T, Psofakis, P., Mente, E., Malandrakis, E., Golomazou, E. (2018). Effect of fishmeal replacement by poultry by‐product meal on growth performance, proximate composition, digestive enzyme activity, haematological parameters and gene expression of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture Nutrition 10.1111/anu.12824.
Keramat, A.A., Shahsavary, M., Hedayatifard, M. (2014). Full Replacement of Fishmeal by Poultry by–Product Meal in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1972) Diet. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 13. 1069-1081.
Koven, W., Barr, Y., Lutzky, S., Ben-Atia, I., Weiss, R., Harel, M., Behrens, P., Tandler, A. (2001). The effect of dietary arachidonic acid (20,4n−6) on growth, survival and resistance to handling stress in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. Aquaculture 193, 107–122. Doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00479-8.
Lazzarotto, V., Médale, F., Larroquet, L., Corraze, G. (2018). Long-term dietary replacement of fishmeal and fish oil in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on growth, whole body fatty acids and intestinal and hepatic gene expression. PLoS One 13 (1), e0190730.
Marques, V.H., Moreira, R.G., Branco, G.S., Honji, R.M., Rombenso, A.N., Viana, M.T., Mello, P.H., Mata-Sotres, J.A., Araújo, B.C. (2021). Different saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids levels in fish oil-free diets to cobia (Rachycentron canadum) juveniles: Effects in growth performance and lipid metabolism. Aquaculture 541, 736843. Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736843.
Mata-Sotres, J.A., Tinajero-Chavez, A., Barreto-Curiel, F., Pares-Sierra, G., Del Rio-Zaragosa, O.B., Viana, M. T., Rombenso, A.N. (2018). DHA (22:6n-3) supplementation is valuable in Totoaba macdonaldi fish oil-free feeds containing poultry by-product meal and beef tallow. Aquaculture 497, 440-451.
Mata-Sotres, J.A., Marques, V.H., Barba, D., Braga, A., Araújo, B., Viana, M.T., Rombenso, A.N. (2021). Increasing dietary SFA:MUFA ratio with low levels of LC-PUFA affected lipid metabolism, tissue fatty acid profile and growth of juvenile California Yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis). Aquaculture 543, 737011. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737011
Naylor, R.L., Hardy, R.W., Bureau, D.P., Chiu, A., Elliot, M., Farrell, A.P., Foster, I., Gatlin, D.M., Goldburg, R.J., Hua, K., Nichols, P.D. (2009). Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (36), 15103–15110. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905235106.
Nengas, I., Alexis, M., Davies, S.J. (1999). High inclusion levels of poultry meals and related by-products in diets for gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. Aquaculture 179, 13–23.
Norambuena, F., Rombenso, A., Turchini, G.M. (2016). Towards the optimization of Atlantic salmon reared at different water temperatures via the manipulation of dietary ARA/EPA ratio. Aquaculture 450, 48–57.
Oliva-Teles, A., Enes, P., Peres, H. (2015). Replacing fishmeal and fish oil in industrial aquafeeds for carnivorous fish. Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture. Elsevier, pp. 203–233.
Parés-Sierra , G., Durazo , E., Ponce , M.A., Badillo , D., Correa-Reyes, G., Viana, M.T. (2014). Partial to total replacement of fishmeal by poultry by-product meal in diets for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their effect on fatty acids from muscle tissue and the time required to retrieve the effect. Aquaculture Research 45(9):1459-1469. doi:10.1111/are.12092 (ISSN: 1365-2109)
Parrish C.C., Nichols, P.D., Pethybridge, H., Young, J.W. (2015). Direct determination of fatty acids in fish tissues: quantifying top predator trophic connections. Methods 177, 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(90)90017-f
Pelletier, N., Tyedmers, P. (2007). Feeding farmed salmon: Is organic better? Aquaculture 272 (1-4), 399–416.
Pratoomyot, J., Benediksen, E.A., Campbell, P.J., Jauncey, K.J., Bell, J.G., Tocher, D.R. (2011). Effects of different blends of protein sources as alternaives to dietary fishmeal on growth performance and body lipid composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 316, 44-52.
Psofakis, P., Karapanagioditis, I.T., Malandrakis, E.E., Golomazou, E., Exadactylos, A., Mente, E. (2020). Effect of fishmeal replacement by hydrolyzed feather meal on growth performance, proximate composition, digestive enzyme activity, hematological parameters and growth-related gene expression of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture 521, 735006.
Smith, W.L. (1992). Protanoids biosynthesis and mechanisms of action. American Journal of Physiology 263, F181-F191.
Tharuka, M.D.N., Priyathilaka, T.T., Kim, J., Lim, C., Lee, J. (2019). Molecular characterization of big-belly seahorse (Hippocamus abdominalis) arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (HaALOX5): First evidence of an immune defensive role by induced immunological stress in teleost. Fish Shellfish Immunology 86, 230–238. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.042
Trushenski, J., Schwarz, M., Bergman, A., Rombenso, A., Delbos, B. (2012). DHA is essential, EPA appears largely expendable, in meeting the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture 326-329, 81–89.
Nengas, I., Alexis, M.N., Davies, S.J. (1999). High inclusion levels of poultry meals and related byproducts in diets for gilthead seabream Spaus aurata L. Aquaculture 179:1-4, 13-23.
Sabbagh, M., Schiavone, R., Brizzi, G., Sicuro, B., Zilli, L., Vilella, S. (2019). Poultry by-product meal as an alternative to fish meal in the juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) diet. Aquaculture, 511, 734220.
Steffens, W. (2003). Replacing fish meal with poultry by-product meal in diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 124, 27-34
Stone, D.A.J., Hardy, R.W., Barrows, F.T., Cheng, Z.J. (2005). Effects on Extrusion on Nutritional Value of Diets Containing Corn Gluten Meal and Corn Distiller´s Grain for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 17 (3), 1–20.
Tacon, A.G., Metian, M., 2008. Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects. Aquaculture 285 (1-4), 146–158.
Tang, S., Qin, C., Wang, H., Li, S., Tian, S. (2011). Study on supercritical extraction of lipids and enrichment of DHA from oil-rich microalgae. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 57, 44-49.
Tlusty, M.F., Thorsen, Ø. (2017). Claiming seafood is ‘sustainable’ risks limiting improvements. Fish and Fisheries 18 (2) (2017) 340–346, doi.org/10.1111/faf.12170.
Tocher, D.R. (2003). Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science 11 (2), 107–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/713610925.
Tocher, D.R. (2015). Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective. Aquaculture 449, 94-107. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.01.010
Viana, M.T., Rombenso, A.N., Del Rio-Zaragoza, O.B., Nomura, M., Díaz-Arguello, R., Mata-Sotres, J.A. (2019). Intestinal health impairment of the California Yellowtail, Seriola dorsalis, using soybean meal in the diet. Aquaculture 513, 734443
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2021-11-11
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