Comparison of the somatic growth of juvenile sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) fed with experimental and commercial pre-growth diets

Autores/as

Noelia Tourón Besada Universidad de Vigo
Estefanía Paredes Coastal Ecology Laboratory (ECOCOST) Ecology and Animal Biology Department. Marine Research Center (CIM)- University of Vigo. Spain
Damián Costas Marine Research Center (CIM), University of Vigo, ECIMAT, 36331 Vigo, Spain

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33936/at.v5i3.5288

Palabras clave:

Echinodermata, dietas de engorde, crecimiento, talla, peso

Resumen

Se requiere desarrollar dietas de crecimiento para juveniles de Paracentrotus lividus que permitan reducir el tiempo en hatcherty. En este estudio se midió el aumento de tamaño y peso de juveniles de P. lividus alimentados con 4 dietas diseñadas específicamente, 2 dietas comerciales y un control basado en la macroalga parda Laminaria sp. Las dietas experimentales se prepararon con harina de atún (HA) o de insectos (HI), utilizando gelatina de cerdo (HA-G, 31,3% proteína; HI-G, 31,6%) o Agar (HA-A, 21,8%; HI-A, 21,6%) como agente gelificante; las dietas comerciales tuvieron H 21,8% de proteína, N 20,95% y la macroalga 8,2%. Se utilizaron 4 repeticiones con 40 erizos por tratamiento, con diámetro y peso promedio inicial de 4,8 mm y 0,06 g, respectivamente. El experimento duró 6 meses y las dietas se proporcionaron ad libitum tres días por semana; el agua se reemplazó 18 veces al día; fotoperiodo 12 L: 12 D, saturación de oxígeno mantenida en 8 - 10 mg/L y pH en 8 - 8,5. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el incremento de diámetro y peso entre tratamientos, siendo el mayor aumento en tamaño y peso con la dieta HA-A 21,4±2,1 mm (un aumento del 128%) y 4,4±1,3 g, seguido de HA-G>HI-G. = HI-A> CTrl > H = N. El tamaño final en la dieta control fue de 16,6±1,6 mm y 2,4±0,8 g. El tiempo necesario para producir juveniles aptos para la repoblación (20 mm de diámetro) con la dieta HA-A, podría reducirse en 35% en base a la tasa de crecimiento lineal estimada.

Descargas

La descarga de datos todavía no está disponible.

Citas

Akiyama T., Unuma T., Yamamoto T. (2001). Optimum protein level in a purified diet for young red sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus. Fisheries Science, 67(2):361-363.

Arce E., Luna-Figueroa J. (2003). Efecto de dietas con diferente contenido proteico en las tasas de crecimiento de crías del

Bagre del Balsas Ictalurus balsanus (Pisces: Ictaluridae) en condiciones de cautiverio. Revista AquaTIC, 18:39-47.

Baião L.F., Rocha F., Costa M., Sá T., Oliveira A., Maia M.R., Fonseca A.J.M., Pintado M., Valente L. M. (2019). Effect of protein and lipid levels in diets for adult sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816). Aquaculture, 506:127-138.

Barker M.F., Keogh J.A., Lawrence J.M., Lawrence A.L. (1998). Feeding rate, absorption efficiencies, growth, and enhancement of gonad production in the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus Valenciennes (Echinoidea: Echinometridae) fed prepared and natural diets. Journal of Shellfish Research, 17:1583-1590.

Busacker G.P., Adelman I.A., Goolish E.M. (1990) Growth. In Schreck C.B., Moyle P.B. (Eds.) Methods for fish biology. American Fisheries Societ: Bethesda, Maryland, USA, pp. 363-364.

Carboni S., Hughes A.D., Atack T., Tocher D.R., Migaud H. (2015). Influence of broodstock diet on somatic growth, fecundity, gonad carotenoids and larval survival of sea urchin. Aquaculture Research, 46(4):969-976.

Ciriminna L., Signa G., Vaccaro A.M., Messina C.M., Mazzola A., Vizzini S. (2020). Formulation of a new sustainable feed from food industry discards for rearing the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 26(4):1046-1057.

Cook E.J., Kelly M.S. (2007). Enhanced production of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in integrated open-water cultivation with Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Aquaculture, 273(4):573-585.

Cook E.J., Hughes A.D., Orr H., Kelly M.S., Black K.D. (2007). Influence of dietary protein on essential fatty acids in the gonadal tissue of the sea urchins Psammechinus miliaris and Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata). Aquaculture, 273(4):586-594.

Daggett T.L., Pearce C.M., Tingley M., Robinson, S.M.C., Chopin T. (2005). Effect of prepared and macroalgal diets and seed stock source on somatic growth of juvenile green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). Aquaculture, 244(1-4):263-281.

De Jong-Westman M., March B.E., Carefoot T.H. (1995). The effect of different nutrient formulations in artificial diets on gonad growth in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73:1495-1502.

De la Uz S., Carrasco J.F., Rodríguez C. (2018). Crecimiento somático del erizo de mar Paracentrotus lividus alimentado con dos piensos semihúmedos frente a una dieta macroalgal. XI Foro dos Recursos Mariños e da Acuicultura das Rías Gallegas, 9-10.

Dworjanyn S. A., Pirozzi I., Liu W. (2007). The effect of the addition of algae feeding stimulants to artificial diets for the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. Aquaculture, 273:624-633.

Dubois P., Chen C. (1989). Calcification in echinoderms. In: Jangoux, M., Lawrence, J.M. (eds). Echinoderm studies, 3. Balkema: Rotterdam, p.p 109–178.

Eddy S.D., Brown N.P., Kling A.L., Watts S.A., Lawrence A. (2012). Growth of juvenile green sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, fed formulated feeds with varying protein levels compared with a macroalgal diet and a commercial abalone feed. Journal of the world Aquaculture Society, 43(2):159-173.

Fernandez C. (1997). Effect of diet on the biochemical composition of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) under natural and rearing conditions (effect of diet on biochemical composition of urchins). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 118A(4):1377-1384.

Fernandez C., Boudouresque C.F. (2000). Nutrition of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus fed different artificial food. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 204:131-141.

Fernandez C., Caltagirone A. (1994). Growth rate of adult Paracentrotus lividus in a lagoon environment: the effect of different diet types. In: David B., Guille, A., Féral J.P., Roux M. (Eds.). Echinoderms trought time. Balkema: Rotterdam, pp. 655-660.

Fernandez C., Dombrowski E., Caltagirone A. (1995). Gonadic growth of adult sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in rearing: the effect of different diet type. In Emson R., Smith A., Campbell A. (Eds.). Echinoderms Research 1995. Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 269-275.

Fernandez C., Pergent G. (1998). Effect of different formulated diets and rearing conditions on growth parameters in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Journal of Shellfish Research, 17(5):1571-1581.

Frantzis A., Grémare A., Vétion G. (1992). Growth rates and RNA: DNA ratios in Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fed on benthic macrophytes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 156(1):125-138.

Gibbs V.K., Watts S.A., Lawrence A.L., Lawrence J.M. (2009). Dietary phospholipids affect growth and production of juvenile sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Aquaculture, 292(1-2):95-103.

Grosjean P, Spirlet C, Gosselin P, Vaïtilingon D, Jangoux M. (1998). Land-based, closed-cycle echinoculture of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) (Echinoidea: Echinodermata): A long-term experiment at a pilot scale. Journal of shellfish Research, 17: 1523-1531.

Gross L., Rakaj A., Fianchini A., Tancioni L., Vizzin S., Boudouresque C.F., Scardi M. (2022). Trophic requirements of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus varies at different life stages: comprehension of species ecology and implications for effective feeding formulations. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9:865450.

Hammer B.W., Hammer H.S., Watts S.A., Lawrence J.M., Lawrence A.L. (2006). The effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate concentration on the biochemical composition and gametogenic condition of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 344:109-121.

Hammer H.S., Powell M.L., Jones W.T., Gibbs V.K., Lawrence A.L., Lawrence J.M., Watts S A. (2012). Effect of feed protein and carbohydrate levels on feed intake, growth, and gonad production of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 43(2):145-158.

Heflin L.E., Raubenheimer D., Simpson S.J., Watts S.A. (2016). Balancing macronutrient intake in cultured Lytechinus variegatus. Aquaculture, 450:295-300.

Kelly M.S., Brodie C.C., McKenzie J.D. (1998). Somatic and gonadal growth of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin) maintained in polyculture with the Atlantic salmon. Journal of Shellfish Research, 17:1557-1562.

Kennedy E.J., Roinson S.M.C., Parsons G.J., Castell J. (2001). Studies on feed formulations to maximize somatic growth rates of juvenile green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). Aquaculture Association of Canada Specific Publications, 4:68-71.

Kennedy, E. J., Robinson, S. M., Parsons, G. J., Castell, J. D. (2007). Effect of dietary minerals and pigment on somatic growth of juvenile green sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 38(1): 36-48.

Klinger T.S., Hsieh H.L., Pangallo R.A., Chen C.P., Lawrence J.M. (1986). The effect of temperature on feeding, digestion, and absorption of Lytechinus variegatus (Lamark) (Echinodermata: echinoidea). Physiological Zoology, 59(3):332-336.

Klinger T.S., Lawrence J.M., Lawrence A.L. (1994). Digestive characteristics of the sea-urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Lamark) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fed prepared feeds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 25(4):489-496.

Lawrence J.M. (1975). The effect of temperature–salinity combinations on the functional well-being of adult Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Journal of the Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 18:271-275.

Lawrence J.M., Fenaux L., Corre M.C., Lawrence A. (1991). The effect of quantity and quality of prepared diets on production in Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Scalera-Liaci, L., Canicatti, C. (Eds.). Echinoderm Research, Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 107-110.

Liu H., Kelly M.S., Cook E.J., Black K., Orr H., Zhu J.X., Dong S.L. (2007). The effect of diet type on growth and fatty-acid composition of sea urchin larvae, I. Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata). Aquaculture, 264(1-4):247-262.

Lourenco S., Jose R., Andrade C., Valente L. M. (2020). Growth performance and gonad yield of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) fed with diets of increasing protein: energy ratios. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 270:114690.

Lourenço S., Cunha B., Raposo A., Neves M., Santos P.M., Gomes A.S., Tecelão C., Ferreira S.M.F., Baptista T., Gonçalves S.C., Pombo A. (2021). Somatic growth and gonadal development of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) fed with diets of different ingredient sources. Aquaculture, 539:736589. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUACULTURE.2021.736589

McBride S.C., Pinnix W.D., Lawrence J.M., Lawrence A.L., Mulligan T.M. (1997). The effect of temperature on production of gonads by the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus fed natural and prepared diets. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 28:357-365.

McBride S.C. (1998). The effect of protein concentration in prepared feed on growth, feeding rate, total organic absorption, and gross assimilation efficiency of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Journal of Shellfish Research, 17:1563-1570.

McBride S.C., Lawrence J.M., Lawrence A.L., Mulligan T.M. (1999). Ingestion, absorption, and gonad production of adult Strongylocentrotus franciscanus fed different rations of a prepared diet Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 30:364-370.

McBride S.C., Price R.J., Tom P.D., Lawrence J.M., Lawrence A.L. (2004). Comparison of gonad quality factors: color, hardness, and resilience, of Strongylocentrotus franciscanus between sea urchins fed prepared feed or algal diets and sea urchins harvested from the Northern California fishery. Aquaculture, 233(1-4):405-422.

McCarron E., Burnell G., Mouzakitis G. (2009). Growth assessment on three size classes of the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus using continuous and intermittent feeding regimes. Aquaculture, 288:83-91.

McLaughlin G., Kelly M.S. (2001). Effect of artificial diets containing carotenoid-rich microalgae on gonad growth and color in the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin). Journal of Shellfish Research, 20(1):377-382.

Nagai Y., Kaneko K. (1975). Culture experiments on the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus pulcherrimus fed an artificial diet. Marine Biology, 29:105-108.

Olave S., Bustos E., Lawrence J.M., Cárcamo P. (2001). The effect of size and diet on gonad production by the Chilean sea urchin Loxechinus albus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 32:210-214.

Palasí Mascarós J.T. (2015). Caracterización físico-química y nutricional de algas en polvo empleadas como ingrediente alimentario. Tesis doctoral, Universitat Politècnica de València, España.

Pantazis P.A. (2006). Carotenoid profiles of two echinoids from central Greece, Psammechinus microtuberculatus and Echinus esculentus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 37(3):339-344.

Pantazis P.A., Kelly M.S., Connolly J.G., Black D. (2000). Effect of artificial diets on growth, lipid utilization, and gonad biochemistry in the adult sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. Journal of Shellfish Research, 19(2):995-1001.

Pearce C.M., Daggett T.L., Robinson S.M.C. (2002). Effect of protein source ratio and protein concentration in prepared diets on gonad yield and quality of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Aquaculture, 214(1-4):307-332.

Prato E., Fanelli G., Angioni A., Biandolino F., Parlapiano I., Papa L., Denti G., Secci M., Chiantore M. Kelly M., Ferrati M.P, Addis P. (2018). Influence of a prepared diet and a macroalga (Ulva sp.) on the growth, nutritional and sensory qualities of gonads of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Aquaculture, 493:240-250.

Rey-Méndez M., Tourón N., Rodríguez-Castro B., Rama-Villar A., Fernández-Silva I., González N., martinez D., Ojeda J., Catoira J.L. (2015). Growth rate and gonadal index improvement in sea urchin culture Paracentrotus lividus (Echinoida: Echinidae). Revista de Biología Tropical, 63:261-272.

Ricker W.E. (1979). Growth rates and models. In: Hoar W.S., Randall D.J., Brett J.R., (Eds). Fish physiology. Academic Press: London, pp. 677–743.

Rowle R.J. (1990). Newly settled sea urchins in a kelp bed and urchin barren ground: a comparison of growth and mortality. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 62:229-240.

Santos M., Albano P., Raposo A., Ferreira S.M., Costa J.L., Pombo A. (2020). The effect of temperature on somatic and gonadal development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816). Aquaculture, 528:735487.

Santos P.M., Silva J.A., Costa J.L., Pombo A. (2022). Effect of salinity on somatic growth and gonadal enhancement of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816). Aquaculture, 560:738593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738593

Schlosser S.C., Lupatsch I., Lawrence J.M., Lawrence A.L., Shpigel M. (2005). Protein and energy digestibility and gonad development of the European sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus fed algal and prepared diets during spring and fall. Aquaculture Research, 36(10):972.

Senaratna M., Evans L.H., Southam L., Tsvetnenko E. (2005). Effect of different feed formulations on feed efficiency, gonad yield and gonad quality in the purple sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11:199–207.

Spirlet C., Grosjean P., Jangoux M. (2001). Cultivation of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: echinoidea) on extruded feeds: digestive efficiency, somatic and gonadal growth. Aquaculture Nutrition, 7(2):91-99.

Symonds R.C., Kelly M.S., Caris-Veyrat C., Young A.J. (2007). Carotenoids in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus: Occurrence of 9′-cis-echinenone as the dominant carotenoid in gonad colour determination. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 148(4):432-444.

Tourón Besada, N. (2013). Caracterización genética de poblaciones de Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) en Asturias, Galicia y Canarias y desarrollo de sistemas de cultivo en batea. Tesis doctoral. Universdad de Santiago de Compostela, España.

Woods C.M.C., James P.J., Moss G.A., Wright J., Siikavuopio S. (2008). A comparison of the effect of urchin size and diet on gonad yield and quality in the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus Valenciennes. Aquaculture International, 16:49-68.

Zupo V., Glaviano F., Paolucci M., Ruocco N., Polese G., Di Cosmo A., Constantin, M., Mutalipassi M. (2019). Roe enhancement of Paracentrotus lividus: Nutritional effects of fresh and formulated diets. Aquaculture nutrition, 25(1):26-38.