METABOLITOS SECUNDARIOS EN PLANTAS MEDICINALES USADAS PARA PROBLEMAS GASTROINTESTINALES. UNA REVISIÓN SOBRE MEDICINA ANCESTRAL ECUATORIANA
SECONDARY METABOLITES IN MEDICINAL PLANTS TO HEAL FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES. A REVIEW ON ECUADORIAN ANCESTRAL MEDICINE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33936/rev_bas_de_la_ciencia.v2i3.1036Palabras clave:
Plantas medicinales, desórdenes gastrointestinales, metabolitos secundarios, flavonoides, actividad antioxidante.Resumen
En este artículo se realiza una revisión de los principales metabolitos secundarios que se encuentran en las familias de plantas medicinales Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Plantaginaceae, Rutaceae, Zingiberaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae. En ellas se encuentran una variedad de flavonoides que contribuyen a la actividad antioxidante, la cual juega un papel importante en el tratamiento de las enfermedades gastrointestinales. Además, se hace una breve revisión de los estudios etnobotánicos de plantas medicinales publicados en el Ecuador.
Palabras clave: Plantas medicinales, desórdenes gastrointestinales, metabolitos secundarios, flavonoides, actividad antioxidante.
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Anna O, Kumudini MM, David EW, Dewayne H, Amber LH, Giovanni A, Stephen OD (2003) Natural Fungicides from Ruta graveolens L. Leaves, Including a New Quinolone Alkaloid. J.Agric. Food Chem., 51, 890-896.
Anne BS, (2000) The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71, 1-21.
Atsushi K, Yasuko H, Tadashi O, Hirozo G, Naoki A, Robert JN, Haruhisa K, Jackie H, Isao A, (2006) Inhibitory Effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe Derived Components on Aldose Reductase Activity in Vitro and in Vivo, J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 6640-6644.
Beara IN, Lesjak MM, Jovin E, Balog KJ, Anackov GT, Orcic D Z, Mimica-Dukic, NM (2009) Plantain (Plantago L.) species as novel sources of flavonoid antioxidants. J.Agric. Food Chem., 57, 9268-9273.
Biljana B, Neda M-D, Isidora S, Emilija J, (2007) Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Rosemary and Sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) Essential Oils, J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 7879-7885.
Blumenthal M., (2000) Herbal Medicine Expanded Commision E Monographs. American Botanical Council, 51-57.
Bodeker G, Ong CK (2005). World Health Organization Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine. Vol. 1. Edition World Health Organization. Kobe, Japan.
Catherine K, Anastasia K, Maria Camilla B, Gennaro P, Lorenzo DB, Helen S, (2006) Polar Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Origanum vulgare L. Ssp. Hirtum Growing Wild in Greece, J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 5388-5392.
Charlotte S, Guido FP, Shao-Nong C, (2013) Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Glabridin, Fitoterapia 1, 1-73.
Chisaguano S (2006). La Población Indígena Del Ecuador. Primera. Quito. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. Edición Comunicación social y relaciones públicas. Quito, Ecuador.
Davod Y, Latif G, Mohammad BR, Massoud T, Shakiba AA, Iraj R, (2006) Biochemical activities of Iranian Mentha piperita L. and Myrtus communis L. essential oils, Phytochemistry 67, 1249–1255.
De la Torre L, Navarrete H, Muriel P, Macía MJ, Balslev H (2008). Enciclopedia de Las Plantas Útiles Del Ecuador. Edición Herbario QCA & Herbario AAU. Quito, Ecuador.
Djerrad Z, Kadik L, Djouahri A, (2015) Chemical variability and antioxidant activities among Pinus halepensis Mill. essential oils provenances, depending on geographic variation and environmental conditions. Ind. Crops Prod. 74, 440–449.
Fernandes CN, De Souza HF, De Oliveria G, Costa JGM, Kerntopf MR, Campos AR (2012) Investigation of the Mechanisms Underlying the Gastroprotective Effect of Cymbopogon Citratus Essential Oil, Journal of Young Pharmacists 4, 28-32.
Firuzi O, Miri R, Tavakkoli M, Saso L, (2011) Antioxidant therapy: current status and future prospects. Curr. Med. Chem., 18, 3871–3888.
Francesca A, Biagio A, Nicoletta P, Gabriele C, Monica RL, Marco B, Maria SC, Loredana C, and Rosa T, (2017) From Vegetable Waste to New Agents for Potential Health Applications: Antioxidant Properties and Effects of Extracts, Fractions and Pinocembrin from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Aerial Parts on Viability of Five Human Cancer Cell Lines, J. Agric. Food Chem.65, 7944-7954.
Gabriela Sayuri de OH, Fausto MN, Maria LR, Monyele Acchile, Edsandra CCh, Francisco Célio MCh, Mauricio LM, (2016) Essential oils of Lippia sidoides and Mentha piperita against monogenean parasites and their influence on the hematology of Nile tilapia, Aquaculture 450, 182–186.
Gianmario A, Silvio S, Rita PA, Teresa M, Roberto DL, AND Aurelia T, (2007) Characterization of Topical Antiinflammatory Compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis L, J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 1718-1723.
Hans W, Mike S K., Lyndon B O, Stephen P M, David N L, (2006) Essential Oil Composition of Diploid and Tetraploid Clones of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Grown in Australia J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 1414-1419.
Indicadores Básicos de Salud Ecuador (2011). Quito: Ministerio de Salud Pública; Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Primera edición. Quito, Ecuador.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos-INEC-, (2013). Censo de Población y Vivienda.
Ivana NB, Marija ML, Emilija DJ, Kristina JB, Goran TA, Dejan ZO, Neda M. M-D, (2009) Plantain (Plantago L.) species as novel sources of flavonoid antioxidants. J.Agric. Food Chem., 57, 9268-9273.
Janmejai KS, Sanjay G, (2007) Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Chamomile Extract in Various Human Cancer Cells J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 9470–9478.
Joanna KC, Michal B, Joanna S, Michal BP, Halina M.Z, Pawel N, Marta TM, Izabela P, (2015), Radical scavenging and antioxidant effects of Matricaria chamomilla polyphenolic–polysaccharide conjugates, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 72, 1152–1158.
Jorge MSF, Ana MR, Ines S, Cristina M, Richard NB, Manuel M, and Cristina F A, (2016) Bioactivity of Ruta graveolens and Satureja montana Essential Oils on Solanum tuberosum Hairy Roots and Solanum tuberosum Hairy Roots with Meloidogyne chitwoodi Co-cultures, J. Agric. Food Chem. 40, 7452-7458.
Kai L, Shuai J, Wei S, Yi K, Yan L, Shunan T, Zexu C, Xue Q, Siwang Y, Min Y, (2016), Glycybridins A-K, Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Glycyrrhiza glabra, J. Nat. Prod., 80, 334-346.
Laura S, Antonella S, Mariateresa C, Francesco C, Manuela D, Domenico T, Felice R, Giuseppe R, (2011) Phytocomplexes from liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) leaves—Chemical characterization and evaluation of their antioxidant, anti-genotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity, Fitoterapia 82, 546–556.
Mai M, Isoko K, Hiroto N, Hironari M, Keiichiro S, Yuko K, Tomoko J, Kazuki K, Hiromi Y, and Yoshiyuki M, (2012) Effects of Essential Oils from Herbal Plants and Citrus Fruits on DNA Polymerase Inhibitory, Cancer Cell Growth Inhibitory, Antiallergic, and Antioxidant Activities, | J. Agric. Food Chem. 60, 11343-11350.
Maíra Maciel MO, Danilo FB, Maria das GC, Eduardo A, Roberta HP (2010) Disinfectant action of Cymbopogon sp. essential oils in different phases of biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel surface, Food Control 21, 549–553.
Manuel V-M, Abdel-Nasser GSE, Ester S, Juana F-L, Elsayed AO, Jose APA, (2010) Chemical Composition and antioxidant and Anti-Listeria Activities of Essential Oils obtained from Some Egyptian Plants, J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 9063-9070.
Martucci JF, Gende LB, Neira LM, Ruseckaite RA, (2015) Oregano and lavender essential oils as antioxidant and antimicrobial additives of biogenic gelatin films. Ind. Crops Prod. 71, 205–213.
Mendel F, (2014) Chemistry and Multibeneficial Bioactivities of Carvacrol (4-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol), a Component of Essential Oils Produced by Aromatic Plants and Spices J. Agric. Food Chem. 62, 7652−7670.
Mimica-Dukic N, Božin B, (2007) Essential Oils from Lamiaceae Species as Promising Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2, 445–452.
Mimica-Dukic N, Božin B, (2008) Mentha L. species (Lamiaceae) as promising sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. Curr. Pharm. Des. 14, 3141–3150.
Mimica-Dukic N, Orcic D, Lesjak M, and Šibul F, (2016) Essential Oils as Powerful Antioxidants: Misconception or Scientific Fact? American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, Chapter 12, 187–208.
Mittermeier RA (1988). Primate diversity and the tropical forest: Case studies from Braziland Madagascar, and the importance of the megadiversity countries In: E.O Wilson (Ed.), Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. pp.145-154.
Monserrat Ríos, Koziol MJ, Pedersen HB, Granda G (2007). Plantas Utiles Del Ecuador: Aplicaciones, Retos y perspectivas/Useful Plants of Ecuador: Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives. Ediciones Abya-Yala. Quito, Ecuador.
Muhammad Z, Hilde N, Christina L, Kimmo R, (2011) Major polyphenols in aerial organs of greater plantain (Plantago major L.), and effects of drying temperature on polyphenol contents in the leaves, Scientia Horticulturae 128, 523–529.
Naisheng B, Kan H, Marc R, Ching-Shu L, Xi S, Min-Hsiung P, and Chi-Tang H, (2010) Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis, J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 5363–5367.
Neil DA, Jorgensen QM 1999. Climates. In: Jorgensen, QM, León-Yañez S (Eds.), Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 1181. pp. 8-13.
Peter G, (2015) Medicinal plants of the Achuar (Jivaro) of Amazonian Ecuador: Ethnobotanical survey and comparison with other Amazonian pharmacopoeias, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 164, 78–88.
Qin Z, Weiying L, Yuge N, Jie Liu , Xiaowei Z, Boyan Gao, Casimir C A, Haiming S, Liangli Y, (2013) Identification and quantification of phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory, cellular antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of twelve Plantago species. 1-37.
Ramírez VH, Palma MR, Vega ER, (2002) Plantas medicinales Vol II. Centro de Información de Medicamentos CIMED. Universidad de Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica.
Rondón M, García I, Cornejo X, Rojas J, Terán W, (2015) Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of seven medicinal plants species from Ecuador, http://pharmacologyonline.silae.it; 21, 19-28.
Sarikurkcu C, Zengin G, Oskay M, Ceylan SUR, Aktumsek A, (2015) Composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and enzyme inhibition activities of two Origanum vulgare subspecies (subsp. vulgare and subsp. hirtum) essential oils. Ind. Crops Prod. 70, 178–184.
Tene V, Malagón O, Vita-Finzi P, Vidari G, Armijos C, Zaragoza T (2007). An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. J. Ethnopharmacol. 111:63-81.
Toshiya M, Yuka O, Natsuko O, Katsuo N, Hideki K, (2008), Identificacion of Geranic Acid, a Tyrosinase Inhibitor in Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 597-601.
Tzung-Han C, Hsiou-Yu D, Rong-Jyh L, Jing-Yao L, and Chia-Hua L, (2010) Inhibition of Melanogenesis and Oxidation by Protocatechuic Acid from Origanum vulgare (Oregano), J. Nat. Prod. 73, 1767–1774.
Ünal K, Babaoglu AS, Karakaya M, (2014) Effect of oregano, sage and rosemary essential oils on lipid oxidation and color properties of minced beef during refrigerated storage. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants, 17, 790–805.
Xueli P, Jianmin C, Dabin W, Jun Q, Fanyu K, (2017) Identification of Ginger (Zingiber off icinale Roscoe) Volatiles and Localization of Aroma-Active Constituents by GC-Olfactometry J. Agric. Food Chem. 65, 4140-4145.
Yvonne A. B-S, Lawrence ADW, Grace-Ann O. J, Cheryl EG, Sheridan L H,Colleen N A S, Ann MS (2008) Changes in the Contents of Oleoresin and Pungent Bioactive Principles of Jamaican Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) during Maturation J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 5564–5571.
Zambrano-Intriago LF, Buenaño-Allauca MP, Mancera-Rodríguez NJ, Jiménez-Romero E, (2015) Estudio etnobotánico de plantas medicinales utilizadas por los habitantes del área rural de la Parroquia San Carlos, Quevedo, Ecuador. Revista Universidad y Salud; 17(1) 97-111.
Anne BS, (2000) The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71, 1-21.
Atsushi K, Yasuko H, Tadashi O, Hirozo G, Naoki A, Robert JN, Haruhisa K, Jackie H, Isao A, (2006) Inhibitory Effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe Derived Components on Aldose Reductase Activity in Vitro and in Vivo, J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 6640-6644.
Beara IN, Lesjak MM, Jovin E, Balog KJ, Anackov GT, Orcic D Z, Mimica-Dukic, NM (2009) Plantain (Plantago L.) species as novel sources of flavonoid antioxidants. J.Agric. Food Chem., 57, 9268-9273.
Biljana B, Neda M-D, Isidora S, Emilija J, (2007) Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Rosemary and Sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) Essential Oils, J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 7879-7885.
Blumenthal M., (2000) Herbal Medicine Expanded Commision E Monographs. American Botanical Council, 51-57.
Bodeker G, Ong CK (2005). World Health Organization Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine. Vol. 1. Edition World Health Organization. Kobe, Japan.
Catherine K, Anastasia K, Maria Camilla B, Gennaro P, Lorenzo DB, Helen S, (2006) Polar Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Origanum vulgare L. Ssp. Hirtum Growing Wild in Greece, J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 5388-5392.
Charlotte S, Guido FP, Shao-Nong C, (2013) Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Glabridin, Fitoterapia 1, 1-73.
Chisaguano S (2006). La Población Indígena Del Ecuador. Primera. Quito. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. Edición Comunicación social y relaciones públicas. Quito, Ecuador.
Davod Y, Latif G, Mohammad BR, Massoud T, Shakiba AA, Iraj R, (2006) Biochemical activities of Iranian Mentha piperita L. and Myrtus communis L. essential oils, Phytochemistry 67, 1249–1255.
De la Torre L, Navarrete H, Muriel P, Macía MJ, Balslev H (2008). Enciclopedia de Las Plantas Útiles Del Ecuador. Edición Herbario QCA & Herbario AAU. Quito, Ecuador.
Djerrad Z, Kadik L, Djouahri A, (2015) Chemical variability and antioxidant activities among Pinus halepensis Mill. essential oils provenances, depending on geographic variation and environmental conditions. Ind. Crops Prod. 74, 440–449.
Fernandes CN, De Souza HF, De Oliveria G, Costa JGM, Kerntopf MR, Campos AR (2012) Investigation of the Mechanisms Underlying the Gastroprotective Effect of Cymbopogon Citratus Essential Oil, Journal of Young Pharmacists 4, 28-32.
Firuzi O, Miri R, Tavakkoli M, Saso L, (2011) Antioxidant therapy: current status and future prospects. Curr. Med. Chem., 18, 3871–3888.
Francesca A, Biagio A, Nicoletta P, Gabriele C, Monica RL, Marco B, Maria SC, Loredana C, and Rosa T, (2017) From Vegetable Waste to New Agents for Potential Health Applications: Antioxidant Properties and Effects of Extracts, Fractions and Pinocembrin from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Aerial Parts on Viability of Five Human Cancer Cell Lines, J. Agric. Food Chem.65, 7944-7954.
Gabriela Sayuri de OH, Fausto MN, Maria LR, Monyele Acchile, Edsandra CCh, Francisco Célio MCh, Mauricio LM, (2016) Essential oils of Lippia sidoides and Mentha piperita against monogenean parasites and their influence on the hematology of Nile tilapia, Aquaculture 450, 182–186.
Gianmario A, Silvio S, Rita PA, Teresa M, Roberto DL, AND Aurelia T, (2007) Characterization of Topical Antiinflammatory Compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis L, J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 1718-1723.
Hans W, Mike S K., Lyndon B O, Stephen P M, David N L, (2006) Essential Oil Composition of Diploid and Tetraploid Clones of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Grown in Australia J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 1414-1419.
Indicadores Básicos de Salud Ecuador (2011). Quito: Ministerio de Salud Pública; Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Primera edición. Quito, Ecuador.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos-INEC-, (2013). Censo de Población y Vivienda.
Ivana NB, Marija ML, Emilija DJ, Kristina JB, Goran TA, Dejan ZO, Neda M. M-D, (2009) Plantain (Plantago L.) species as novel sources of flavonoid antioxidants. J.Agric. Food Chem., 57, 9268-9273.
Janmejai KS, Sanjay G, (2007) Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Chamomile Extract in Various Human Cancer Cells J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 9470–9478.
Joanna KC, Michal B, Joanna S, Michal BP, Halina M.Z, Pawel N, Marta TM, Izabela P, (2015), Radical scavenging and antioxidant effects of Matricaria chamomilla polyphenolic–polysaccharide conjugates, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 72, 1152–1158.
Jorge MSF, Ana MR, Ines S, Cristina M, Richard NB, Manuel M, and Cristina F A, (2016) Bioactivity of Ruta graveolens and Satureja montana Essential Oils on Solanum tuberosum Hairy Roots and Solanum tuberosum Hairy Roots with Meloidogyne chitwoodi Co-cultures, J. Agric. Food Chem. 40, 7452-7458.
Kai L, Shuai J, Wei S, Yi K, Yan L, Shunan T, Zexu C, Xue Q, Siwang Y, Min Y, (2016), Glycybridins A-K, Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Glycyrrhiza glabra, J. Nat. Prod., 80, 334-346.
Laura S, Antonella S, Mariateresa C, Francesco C, Manuela D, Domenico T, Felice R, Giuseppe R, (2011) Phytocomplexes from liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) leaves—Chemical characterization and evaluation of their antioxidant, anti-genotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity, Fitoterapia 82, 546–556.
Mai M, Isoko K, Hiroto N, Hironari M, Keiichiro S, Yuko K, Tomoko J, Kazuki K, Hiromi Y, and Yoshiyuki M, (2012) Effects of Essential Oils from Herbal Plants and Citrus Fruits on DNA Polymerase Inhibitory, Cancer Cell Growth Inhibitory, Antiallergic, and Antioxidant Activities, | J. Agric. Food Chem. 60, 11343-11350.
Maíra Maciel MO, Danilo FB, Maria das GC, Eduardo A, Roberta HP (2010) Disinfectant action of Cymbopogon sp. essential oils in different phases of biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel surface, Food Control 21, 549–553.
Manuel V-M, Abdel-Nasser GSE, Ester S, Juana F-L, Elsayed AO, Jose APA, (2010) Chemical Composition and antioxidant and Anti-Listeria Activities of Essential Oils obtained from Some Egyptian Plants, J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 9063-9070.
Martucci JF, Gende LB, Neira LM, Ruseckaite RA, (2015) Oregano and lavender essential oils as antioxidant and antimicrobial additives of biogenic gelatin films. Ind. Crops Prod. 71, 205–213.
Mendel F, (2014) Chemistry and Multibeneficial Bioactivities of Carvacrol (4-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol), a Component of Essential Oils Produced by Aromatic Plants and Spices J. Agric. Food Chem. 62, 7652−7670.
Mimica-Dukic N, Božin B, (2007) Essential Oils from Lamiaceae Species as Promising Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2, 445–452.
Mimica-Dukic N, Božin B, (2008) Mentha L. species (Lamiaceae) as promising sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. Curr. Pharm. Des. 14, 3141–3150.
Mimica-Dukic N, Orcic D, Lesjak M, and Šibul F, (2016) Essential Oils as Powerful Antioxidants: Misconception or Scientific Fact? American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, Chapter 12, 187–208.
Mittermeier RA (1988). Primate diversity and the tropical forest: Case studies from Braziland Madagascar, and the importance of the megadiversity countries In: E.O Wilson (Ed.), Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. pp.145-154.
Monserrat Ríos, Koziol MJ, Pedersen HB, Granda G (2007). Plantas Utiles Del Ecuador: Aplicaciones, Retos y perspectivas/Useful Plants of Ecuador: Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives. Ediciones Abya-Yala. Quito, Ecuador.
Muhammad Z, Hilde N, Christina L, Kimmo R, (2011) Major polyphenols in aerial organs of greater plantain (Plantago major L.), and effects of drying temperature on polyphenol contents in the leaves, Scientia Horticulturae 128, 523–529.
Naisheng B, Kan H, Marc R, Ching-Shu L, Xi S, Min-Hsiung P, and Chi-Tang H, (2010) Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis, J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 5363–5367.
Neil DA, Jorgensen QM 1999. Climates. In: Jorgensen, QM, León-Yañez S (Eds.), Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 1181. pp. 8-13.
Peter G, (2015) Medicinal plants of the Achuar (Jivaro) of Amazonian Ecuador: Ethnobotanical survey and comparison with other Amazonian pharmacopoeias, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 164, 78–88.
Qin Z, Weiying L, Yuge N, Jie Liu , Xiaowei Z, Boyan Gao, Casimir C A, Haiming S, Liangli Y, (2013) Identification and quantification of phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory, cellular antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of twelve Plantago species. 1-37.
Ramírez VH, Palma MR, Vega ER, (2002) Plantas medicinales Vol II. Centro de Información de Medicamentos CIMED. Universidad de Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica.
Rondón M, García I, Cornejo X, Rojas J, Terán W, (2015) Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of seven medicinal plants species from Ecuador, http://pharmacologyonline.silae.it; 21, 19-28.
Sarikurkcu C, Zengin G, Oskay M, Ceylan SUR, Aktumsek A, (2015) Composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and enzyme inhibition activities of two Origanum vulgare subspecies (subsp. vulgare and subsp. hirtum) essential oils. Ind. Crops Prod. 70, 178–184.
Tene V, Malagón O, Vita-Finzi P, Vidari G, Armijos C, Zaragoza T (2007). An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. J. Ethnopharmacol. 111:63-81.
Toshiya M, Yuka O, Natsuko O, Katsuo N, Hideki K, (2008), Identificacion of Geranic Acid, a Tyrosinase Inhibitor in Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 597-601.
Tzung-Han C, Hsiou-Yu D, Rong-Jyh L, Jing-Yao L, and Chia-Hua L, (2010) Inhibition of Melanogenesis and Oxidation by Protocatechuic Acid from Origanum vulgare (Oregano), J. Nat. Prod. 73, 1767–1774.
Ünal K, Babaoglu AS, Karakaya M, (2014) Effect of oregano, sage and rosemary essential oils on lipid oxidation and color properties of minced beef during refrigerated storage. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants, 17, 790–805.
Xueli P, Jianmin C, Dabin W, Jun Q, Fanyu K, (2017) Identification of Ginger (Zingiber off icinale Roscoe) Volatiles and Localization of Aroma-Active Constituents by GC-Olfactometry J. Agric. Food Chem. 65, 4140-4145.
Yvonne A. B-S, Lawrence ADW, Grace-Ann O. J, Cheryl EG, Sheridan L H,Colleen N A S, Ann MS (2008) Changes in the Contents of Oleoresin and Pungent Bioactive Principles of Jamaican Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) during Maturation J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 5564–5571.
Zambrano-Intriago LF, Buenaño-Allauca MP, Mancera-Rodríguez NJ, Jiménez-Romero E, (2015) Estudio etnobotánico de plantas medicinales utilizadas por los habitantes del área rural de la Parroquia San Carlos, Quevedo, Ecuador. Revista Universidad y Salud; 17(1) 97-111.
Publicado
2017-12-31
Número
Sección
Ciencias Químicas
