Geomorfología y Sedimentología del sector medio del valle de pueblo llano, Andes de Mérida, Venezuela
Geomorphology and Sedimentology in the middle reach of the pueblo llano Valley, Mérida Andes, Venezuela
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33936/rev_bas_de_la_ciencia.v4i3.1906Palabras clave:
Andes de Mérida, Geomorfología y Sedimentología, Morrenas, Glaciación Mérida, Pueblo Llano.Resumen
Un análisis geomorfológico y sedimentológico fue realizado en el sector medio del Valle de Pueblo Llano con la finalidad de comprender la génesis de los sedimentos y geoformas cuaternarias presentes en el área. Cuatro sectores con características morfológicas y sedimentológicas distintivas fueron identificados: (i) depósitos en masa de flujos de detritos con una expresión superficial cónica interpretados como abanicos aluviales, (ii) depósitos de flujos unidimensionales que constituyen terrenos relativamente planos con bajas pendientes característicos de terrazas fluviales, (iii) depósitos de diamicton que constituyen un conjunto de lomos y depresiones en forma de arco asociados a un complejo de morrenas frontales, y (iv) depósitos de flujos unidimensionales que conforman terrenos con forma de lomos asimétricos, asociados a condiciones fluvio-glaciares. Estos resultados ponen en evidencia que los glaciares asociados a la Glaciación Mérida en el Valle de Pueblo Llano, alcanzaron elevaciones al menos 300 m más bajas que las reportadas previamente en la literatura para los Andes de Mérida. Además, sugieren que otros valles glaciares presentes en los Andes de Mérida pudieron haber experimentado fenómenos similares. Palabras clave: Andes de Mérida, Geomorfología y Sedimentología, Morrenas, Glaciación Mérida, Pueblo Llano. Abstract: A geomorphological and sedimentological analysis was carried out in the Middle reach of the Pueblo Llano Valley to understand sediment genesis and quaternary geoforms present in the area. Four zones with distinctive morphological and sedimentological characteristics were identified: (i) mass deposits of debris flow with a cone-shaped surface interpreted as alluvial fans, (ii) unidirectional flow deposits with relatively flat topography, with little slope, characteristic of fluvial terraces, (iii) arc-shaped diamicton deposits that constitute a set of crests and valleys, associated to a complex of frontal moraines, and (iv) unidirectional flow deposits that form terrains with the shape of asymmetric ridges, associated to a fluvio-glacial conditions. These results show that the glaciers of the Mérida Glaciation in the Pueblo Llano Valley reached elevations of at least 500 m lower than those previously reported in the literature for the Mérida Andes. In addition, they suggest that other glacial valleys present in the Andes of Mérida might have experienced similar phenomena. Keywords: Mérida Andes, Geomorphology and Sedimentolology, Moraine complex, Mérida Glaciation, Pueblo Llano.Descargas
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Lithostratigraphy of the Mérida (Wisconsinan) glaciation and Pedregal intersatade, Mérida Andes, northwestern
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Guzmán, O., Vassallo, R., Audemard, F., Mugnier,J-L., Oropeza, J, Yepez, S., Carcaillet, J., Alvarado, M, Carrillo, E. (2013). 10Be dating of river terraces of Santo Domingo river, on Southeastern flank of the Mérida Andes, Venezuela: Tectonic and climatic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 48, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2013.09.004.
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Kellog, J. N., Bonini, W. E. (1982). Subduction of the Caribbean plate and basement uplifts in the overriding South American plate. Tectonics, 1 (3), 251–276. https://doi.org/10.1029/TC001i003p00251.
Mahaney, W.C., Kalm, V. (1996). Field Guide for the International Conference on Quaternary Glaciation and Paleoclimate in the Andes Mountains, June 21-July 1, 1996. Quaternary Surveys Ltd, Toronto, Canada, 79 pp.
Mahaney, W. C., Milner, M. W., Voros, J., Kalm, V., Hütt, G., Bezada, M., Hancock, R. G. V., Aufreiter, S. (2000). Stratotype of the Mérida Glaciation at Pueblo Llano in the Northern Venezuelan Andes. Journal of South
American Earth Sciences 13, 761–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-9811(00)00054-7.
Mahaney, W. C., Russell, S.E., Milner, M. W., Kalm, V., Bezada, M., Hancock, R.G.V., Beukens, R.P., (2001). Paleopedology of Middle Wisconsin/Weichselian Paleosols in the Mérida Andes. Venezuela. Geoderma 104, 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00082-9.
Mahaney, W.C, Kalm, V., Menzies, J., Milner, M. W. (2010). Reconstruction of the Early Mérida, pre-LGM glaciation with comparison to Late Glacial Maximum till, northwestern Venezuelan Andes. Sedimentary Geology 226, 29–
41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.02.004.
Nesje, A., Olaf-Dehl, S. (2000). Glaciers and environmental change. Oxford University Press Inc., 203 pp.
Pettijohn, F. J., Potter, P. E., Siever, R. (1987). Sand and Sandstone. 2 edicion. Springer-Verlag, New York. 553 pp.
Pindell, J. L, Barret., S. F. (1990). Geologic Evolution of the Caribbean Region: a Plate-Tectonic Perspective, En Case, J. E., Dengo, G. (Ed.). The geology of North America, the Caribbean region (pp. 405-432). Geological Society of America. Geology of North America, H, 405-432. https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-GNA-H.405.
Rull, V. (2005). A Middle Wisconsin interstadial in the Northern Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 19, 173– 79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2005.01.002.
Schubert, C. (1970). Glaciation of the Sierra de Santo Domingo, Venezuelan Andes. Quaternaria 13, 232-261.
Schubert, C. (1974). Late Pleistocene Mérida glaciation, Venezuelan Andes. Boreas 3, 147–52. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.1974.tb00673.x.
Schubert, C. (1976). Definicion geológica de la Glaciación Mérida, Andes venezolanos. Boletín de Geología, Publicación Especial 7 (2), 1181-1185.
Schubert, C. (1984). The Pleistocene and recent extent of the glaciers of the Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela. Erdwissenshaftliche Forshung 18, 269- 278.
Schubert, C., Vivas, L. (1993). El Cuaternario de la cordillera de Mérida, Andes Venezolanos. 1º ed. ULA Fundación Polar, 345 pp.
Schubert, C., Valastro, S. (1980). Quaternary Esnujaque Formation, Venezuelan Andes: Preliminary alluvial chronology in a tropical mountain range. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 131, 927–47.
Schubert, C., Clapperton, C. M. (1990). Quaternary glaciations in the Northern Andes (Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador). Quaternary Sciences Review 9, 123-135. http://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791 (90)90014-2
Shackleton, N. J., Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Paillerc, D., Lancelot, Y. (2003). Marine Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian Interglacial. Global and Planetary Change 36, 151-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00181-9.
Taboada, A., Rivera, L.., Fuenzalida, A., Cisternas, A., Philip, H., Bijwaard, H., Olaya, J., Rivera, C. (2000).
Geodynamic of the northern Andes: Subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia). Tectonics, 19 (5), 787-813. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000TC900004.
Tricart, J., Millies-Lacroix, A. (1962). Les terrasses quaternaires des Andes Vénézueliennes. Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France. Soc. Géol. France, 7e Sér., 4, 201-219.
Tricart, J., Michel, M. (1965). Monographie et carte geomorphologique de la region de Lagunillas (Andes Vénézuéliennes). Revue de Geomorphologie Dynamique 15, 1-33.
Udden, J. A. (1914). Mechanical composition of clastic sediments. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 25 (1), 655–744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-25-655.
Wentworth, C. K. (1922). A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic Sediments. The Journal of Geology, 30 (5), 377–392. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/622910.
Wesnousky, S. G., Aranguren, R., Rengifo, M., Owen, L.A., Caffee, M. W., Krishna Murari, M., Pérez, O. J. (2012). Toward quantifying geomorphic rates of crustal displacement, landscape development, and the age of glaciation in the Venezuelan Andes Geomorphology 141-142, 99-113. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.12.028.
Zinck, A., Stagno, P. (1966). Estudio edafológico de la zona de Santo Domingo-Pagüey, Estado Barinas: División de Obras Hidráulicas, Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Caracas.
Angel, I. F. (2016). Late Pleistocene deglaciations histories in the central Mérida Andes (Venezuela). Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Grenoble Alpes, Francia, 230 pp. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01310303/document
Audemard, F. E., Audemard F. A. (2002). Structure of the Mérida Andes, Venezuela: relations with the South America-Caribbean geodynamic interaction. Tectonophysics 345, 299-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(01)002018-9.
Bermúdez, M. A. (2009). Cenozoic exhumation patterns across the Venezuelan Andes: insights from fission-track thermochronology. Ph.D. Thesis. Université Joseph Fourier, Francia. 230 pp. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450838/document.
Bermúdez, M. A., Van der Beek, P., Bernet, M. (2011). Asynchronous Miocene-Pliocene exhumation of the central Venezuelan Andes. Geology, 39 (2), 139-142. https://doi.org/10.1130/G31582.1.
Bezada, M. (1990). Geología glacial del Cuaternario de la región de Santo Domingo-Pueblo Llano-Las Mesitas (Estado Mérida y Trujillo). Ph.D. Tesis, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, 245 pp.
Clark, P. U., Dyke, A. S., Shakun, J. D., Carlson, A. E., Clark, J., Wohlfarth, B., Mitrovica, J. X., Hostetler, S. W. (2009). The Last Glacial Maximum. Sciences, 325 – 5941, 710–714. DOI: 10.1126/science.1172873.
Colleta, B., Roure, F., De Toni, B., Loureiro, D., Passalacqua, H., Gou, Y. (1997). Tectonic inheritance, crustal architecture, and contrasting structural styles in the Venezuela Andes. Tectonics, 1 (5), 777–794. https://doi.org/10.1029/97TC01659.
Dirszowsky, R. W., Mahaney, W. C., Hodder, K. R., Milner, M. W., Kalm, V., Bezada, L., Beukens, R. P. (2005).
Lithostratigraphy of the Mérida (Wisconsinan) glaciation and Pedregal intersatade, Mérida Andes, northwestern
Venezuela. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 19, 525-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2005.07.001.
Farr, T. G., Rosen, P. A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L.,
Seal, D., Shaffer, S., Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., Alsdorf, D. (2007). The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Review of Geophysics, 55, RG2004, 1-33. doi: 1029/2005RG000183.
Guzmán, O. J. (2013). Timing and dynamics of river terraces formation in moderate uplifted ranges: the example of Venezuela and Albania. ). Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Grenoble, Francia, 277 pp. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934484/document.
Guzmán, O., Vassallo, R., Audemard, F., Mugnier,J-L., Oropeza, J, Yepez, S., Carcaillet, J., Alvarado, M, Carrillo, E. (2013). 10Be dating of river terraces of Santo Domingo river, on Southeastern flank of the Mérida Andes, Venezuela: Tectonic and climatic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 48, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2013.09.004.
Kalm, V., Mahaney, W. C. (2011). Late Quaternary Glaciations in the Venezuelan (Mérida) Andes. En Ehlers, J., Gibbard, J.L., Hughes, P. D. (Eds). Quqternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology. A closer lock. Developments in Quaternary Science, 15, 835-841. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00059-3 ISSN: 1571-0866.
Kellog, J. N., Bonini, W. E. (1982). Subduction of the Caribbean plate and basement uplifts in the overriding South American plate. Tectonics, 1 (3), 251–276. https://doi.org/10.1029/TC001i003p00251.
Mahaney, W.C., Kalm, V. (1996). Field Guide for the International Conference on Quaternary Glaciation and Paleoclimate in the Andes Mountains, June 21-July 1, 1996. Quaternary Surveys Ltd, Toronto, Canada, 79 pp.
Mahaney, W. C., Milner, M. W., Voros, J., Kalm, V., Hütt, G., Bezada, M., Hancock, R. G. V., Aufreiter, S. (2000). Stratotype of the Mérida Glaciation at Pueblo Llano in the Northern Venezuelan Andes. Journal of South
American Earth Sciences 13, 761–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-9811(00)00054-7.
Mahaney, W. C., Russell, S.E., Milner, M. W., Kalm, V., Bezada, M., Hancock, R.G.V., Beukens, R.P., (2001). Paleopedology of Middle Wisconsin/Weichselian Paleosols in the Mérida Andes. Venezuela. Geoderma 104, 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00082-9.
Mahaney, W.C, Kalm, V., Menzies, J., Milner, M. W. (2010). Reconstruction of the Early Mérida, pre-LGM glaciation with comparison to Late Glacial Maximum till, northwestern Venezuelan Andes. Sedimentary Geology 226, 29–
41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.02.004.
Nesje, A., Olaf-Dehl, S. (2000). Glaciers and environmental change. Oxford University Press Inc., 203 pp.
Pettijohn, F. J., Potter, P. E., Siever, R. (1987). Sand and Sandstone. 2 edicion. Springer-Verlag, New York. 553 pp.
Pindell, J. L, Barret., S. F. (1990). Geologic Evolution of the Caribbean Region: a Plate-Tectonic Perspective, En Case, J. E., Dengo, G. (Ed.). The geology of North America, the Caribbean region (pp. 405-432). Geological Society of America. Geology of North America, H, 405-432. https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-GNA-H.405.
Rull, V. (2005). A Middle Wisconsin interstadial in the Northern Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 19, 173– 79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2005.01.002.
Schubert, C. (1970). Glaciation of the Sierra de Santo Domingo, Venezuelan Andes. Quaternaria 13, 232-261.
Schubert, C. (1974). Late Pleistocene Mérida glaciation, Venezuelan Andes. Boreas 3, 147–52. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.1974.tb00673.x.
Schubert, C. (1976). Definicion geológica de la Glaciación Mérida, Andes venezolanos. Boletín de Geología, Publicación Especial 7 (2), 1181-1185.
Schubert, C. (1984). The Pleistocene and recent extent of the glaciers of the Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela. Erdwissenshaftliche Forshung 18, 269- 278.
Schubert, C., Vivas, L. (1993). El Cuaternario de la cordillera de Mérida, Andes Venezolanos. 1º ed. ULA Fundación Polar, 345 pp.
Schubert, C., Valastro, S. (1980). Quaternary Esnujaque Formation, Venezuelan Andes: Preliminary alluvial chronology in a tropical mountain range. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 131, 927–47.
Schubert, C., Clapperton, C. M. (1990). Quaternary glaciations in the Northern Andes (Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador). Quaternary Sciences Review 9, 123-135. http://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791 (90)90014-2
Shackleton, N. J., Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Paillerc, D., Lancelot, Y. (2003). Marine Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian Interglacial. Global and Planetary Change 36, 151-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00181-9.
Taboada, A., Rivera, L.., Fuenzalida, A., Cisternas, A., Philip, H., Bijwaard, H., Olaya, J., Rivera, C. (2000).
Geodynamic of the northern Andes: Subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia). Tectonics, 19 (5), 787-813. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000TC900004.
Tricart, J., Millies-Lacroix, A. (1962). Les terrasses quaternaires des Andes Vénézueliennes. Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France. Soc. Géol. France, 7e Sér., 4, 201-219.
Tricart, J., Michel, M. (1965). Monographie et carte geomorphologique de la region de Lagunillas (Andes Vénézuéliennes). Revue de Geomorphologie Dynamique 15, 1-33.
Udden, J. A. (1914). Mechanical composition of clastic sediments. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 25 (1), 655–744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-25-655.
Wentworth, C. K. (1922). A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic Sediments. The Journal of Geology, 30 (5), 377–392. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/622910.
Wesnousky, S. G., Aranguren, R., Rengifo, M., Owen, L.A., Caffee, M. W., Krishna Murari, M., Pérez, O. J. (2012). Toward quantifying geomorphic rates of crustal displacement, landscape development, and the age of glaciation in the Venezuelan Andes Geomorphology 141-142, 99-113. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.12.028.
Zinck, A., Stagno, P. (1966). Estudio edafológico de la zona de Santo Domingo-Pagüey, Estado Barinas: División de Obras Hidráulicas, Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Caracas.
Publicado
2019-12-31
Número
Sección
Geociencias
