ALMIDONES HIDRÓFOBOS

Autores/as

Jesús Miguel Contreras-Ramírez Grupo de Polímeros, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 5101-A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7668-2816
Simón E. Barrios Grupo de Polímeros, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 5101-A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3140-6914
Francisco López-Carrasquero Grupo de Polímeros, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 5101-A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0012-2839

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33936/revbasdelaciencia.v7i2.5189

Palabras clave:

almidón, hidrofobización, unidad anhidroglucosa, grado de sustitución

Resumen

Polímeros de origen natural como el almidón han sido vistos por muchos autores como una alternativa atractiva y viable como sustitutos de algunos polímeros sintéticos, ya que ellos y sus derivados resultan ser poco nocivos para el medio ambiente y su uso podría reducir la contaminación producida por polímeros derivados del petróleo. Sin embargo, debido a su carácter hidrófilo sus propiedades se ven comprometidas con el grado de humedad del ambiente, lo cual constituye una limitación muy importante a la hora de desarrollar productos derivados del mismo. Es por esta razón que se han desarrollado diferentes métodos de modificación química con la finalidad de convertirlo en un material hidrófobo, lo que facilita no solo obtener productos resistentes a la humedad, sino también a la degradación hidrolítica. Esto, además, permite la obtención de materiales más fáciles de moldear y amigables con el medio ambiente y, por lo tanto, útiles para la fabricación de utensilios. En esta revisión se presentan muchos de los avances obtenidos en las diferentes vías de modificación química dirigidas hacia la síntesis de almidones hidrófobos, en especial la obtención de almidones eterificados y esterificados, haciendo énfasis especialmente en la influencia de los medios de síntesis y las condiciones de reacción.

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