Propiedades inmunomoduladoras y antivibrio de extractos de plantas para manejar la salud del camarón Penaeus vannamei
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33936/at.v4i2.4776Keywords:
Plantas GRAS , Sistema Inmune de camarón , Detección de cuorum , Acuicultura de camarón , VibriosisAbstract
RESUMEN | Las vibriosis son enfermedades multifactoriales que causan pérdidas económicas en la industria camaronera. Como parte de un enfoque ecológico para su control, extractos acuosos de plantas generalmente reconocidas como seguras (GRAS): Allium sativum (290000 µg mL-1), Camellia sinensis (40000 µg mL-1), Morinda citrifolia (250000 µg mL-1) y Origanum vulgare (50 000 µg mL-1), fueron evaluados por sus propiedades antibacterianas, antioxidantes e inmunoestimulantes. Se inició el estudio evaluando las propiedades microbicidas de los extractos contra Vibrio spp. patógenos del camarón, así como sus características antioxidantes. Posteriormente, se encontró la concentración inhibitoria mínima y la concentración bactericida mínima (MBC) para determinar concentraciones subletales como parte de una estrategia antivirulencia. Los extractos mantuvieron la capacidad de interrumpir la bioluminiscencia y/o la formación de biopelículas en un amplio rango de dilución por debajo del MBC (alrededor de 10 a 50 veces el MBC); 1450 a 145 µg mL-1 para A. sativum, 2000 a 200 µg mL-1 para C. sinensis, 12500 a 1250 µg mL-1 para M. citrifolia y 2500 a 250 µg mL-1 para O. vulgare. Todos los extractos de plantas exhibieron características antioxidantes, modulando de manera diferencial la generación de superóxido según el extracto de la planta, sin afectar significativamente las tasas de generación de superóxido, a las concentraciones más bajas ensayadas. Los resultados más consistentes se obtuvieron del ensayo realizado con extracto de A. sativum, el cual exhibió poderosas propiedades para eliminar el superóxido de los hemocitos no estimulados en concentraciones que oscilaron entre 14500 y 1,45 µg mL-1. En estanques de tierra experimentales (400 m2, cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento), los camarones tratados con extractos de plantas añadidos
al alimento en concentraciones inmunomoduladoras (A. sativum: 36 µg por g, M. citrifolia: 36 µg por g) exhibieron una melanosis reducida. Además, los camarones tratados con A. sativum tuvieron el mayor tamaño a la cosecha. Estos resultados indican que los extractos acuosos de A. sativum, C. sinensis, O. vulgare y M. citrifolia pueden promover la salud de los camarones debido a sus propiedades antioxidantes, inmunomoduladoras y antimicrobianas.
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