Indigenous movements and human rights from the year 2000 to the present

Abstract

This article analyzes the evolution of Indigenous movements from 2000 to the present, with an emphasis on the defense of human rights within a context of social and political transformations. It examines how social mobilizations influenced the reorganization of Indigenous structures and the recognition of collective rights enshrined in the 2008 Constitution, particularly those related to identity, self-determination, and participation. The article highlights the strengthening of Indigenous organizations and the consolidation of their own political movement as a means of channeling historical demands against exclusionary economic models. The research underscores the persistent violation of the rights of Indigenous populations, reflected in their limited access to education, housing, and justice. Although a national and international legal framework exists, a gap is evident between the regulations and their effective implementation, hampered by institutional barriers and resource limitations. Some cases brought before international bodies show progress in accountability and reparations, although implementation remains challenging. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative approach based on interviews, document analysis, and a review of court rulings and oral testimonies. Finally, it is concluded that, despite internal divisions, there is a sustained convergence in the defense of human rights, the protection of the territory and indigenous cultural diversity.