Evaluation of growth of Eucheuma isiforme in suspended culture systems in Cubagua island, Venezuela (southeastern Caribbean Sea)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33936/at.v2i2.2678Keywords:
Mariculture, Seaweed, Caribbean, Eucheuma isiforme, VenezuelaAbstract
The cultivation of red algae represents the most recent expansion in the global production of macroalgae. The most cultivated species are Kappaphycus alvarezii, K. striatus and Eucheuma denticulatum, which are the main sources of raw material for carrageenan production. Due to the different socio-economic benefits generated by seaweed mariculture, several countries have adopted this activity as an alternative livelihood in coastal communities. In order to contribute on the development of macroalgae mariculture in Venezuela, a preliminary field study on the growth of Eucheuma isiforme, an endemic iota-carrageen species from the Caribbean Sea, was carried out. Two suspended culture systems were evaluated: horizontal (long line) and vertical (floating raft). The cultivation technique consisted of tying vegetative implants using plastic raffias (tie-tie) to main polypropylene lines of 6 mm in diameter. The initial average weight of the implants varied between 20-25 g, with a planting density of 0.06 kg.m-2 in the horizontal system and 0.02 kg.m-2 in the vertical system. The bioassay lasted nine weeks between February-April 2017, recording a variation on biomass growth over time. The daily growth rate (wet biomass) was 5.54 ± 0.31 % in the horizontal system and 6.69 ± 0.12% in the vertical one. The growth of E. isiforme recorded during this study in Charagato Bay is considered high when compared to other cultivation experiences carried out in the Caribbean basin, being considered an adequate site for the development of commercial seaweed mariculture in Venezuela.
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References
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Barbaroux O., Perez R., Dreno J. (1984). L'algue rouge Eucheuma spinosum possibilities d'exploitationet de culture aux Antilles. Bull. Inst. Peches. Marit., 348:2-9.
Cheney D., Dawes C. (1980). On the need for revision of the taxonomy of Eucheuma (Rhodophyta) in Florida and the Caribbean Sea. J. Phycol., 16:622-625.
Dawes C. (1974). On the mariculture of the Florida seaweed Eucheuma isiforme. Sea Grant Program, State University System of Florida, USA. pp: 10.
Dawes C. (1989). Temperature acclimation in cultured Eucheuma isiforme from Florida and E. alvarezii from the Philippines. J. Appl. Phycol., 1:59–65.
Dawes C., La Claire J., Moon R. (1976). Culture studies on Eucheuma nudum J. Agardh, a carrageenan producing red alga from Florida. Aquaculture, 7:1-9.
Dawes C., Mathieson A., Cheney D. (1974). Ecological studies of Floridian Eucheuma (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales). 1. Seasonal growth and reproduction. Bull. Mar. Sci., 24:235-273.
Doty M. (1979). Status of marine agronomy, with special reference to the tropics. Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp., 9:35–58.
Doty M. (1987). The production and use of Eucheuma. In: Doty M., Caddy J., Santelices B. (eds), Case Studies of Seven Commercial Seaweed Resources. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 281, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. pp: 123-164.
Doty M., Caddy J., Santelices B. (1987). Case studies of seven commercial seaweed resources. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [en línea]. Roma. 17 Agosto 2017: (http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5819e/x5819e00.htm).
Freile-Pelegrín Y., Robledo D. (2008). Carrageenan of Eucheuma isiforme (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) from Nicaragua. J. Appl. Phycol., 20:537-541.
Freile-Pelegrín Y., Robledo D., Azamar J. (2006a). Carrageenan of Eucheuma isiforme (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) from Yucatan, Mexico. I. Effect of extraction conditions. Bot. Mar., 49:65–71.
Freile-Pelegrín Y., Robledo D., Azamar J. (2006b). Carrageenan of Eucheuma isiforme (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) from Yucatan, Mexico. II. Seasonal variations in carrageenan and biochemical characteristics. Bot. Mar., 49:72–78.
Gómez A. (1996). Causas de la fertilidad marina en el nororiente de Venezuela. Interciencia, 21(3):140-146.
Hayashi L., Reis R., Dos Santos A., Castelar B., Robledo B., Batista de Vega G., Msuya F., Eswaran K., Yasir S., Majahar M., Hurtado A. (2017). The cultivation of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma in tropical and sub-Tropicaln waters. In: Hurtado A., Critchley A., Neish I. (eds). Tropical seaweed farming trends, problems and opportunities. Developments in Applied Phycology 9. Murdoch, Australia. pp: 55-90.
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Hurtado A. (2013). Social and economic dimensions of carrageenan seaweed farming in the Philippines. In: Valderrama D., Cai J., Hishamunda N., Ridler N. (eds). Social and economic dimensions of carrageenan seaweed farming, FAO, Roma, Technical Paper No. 580. pp: 91-113.
Mathieson A., Dawes C. (1974). Ecological studies of Floridian Eucheuma (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales): 11. Photosynthesis and respiration. Bull. Mar. Sci., 34: 274-285.
Muñoz J., Freile-Pelegrín Y., Robledo D. (2004). Mariculture of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) color strains in tropical waters of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Aquaculture, 239:161–177.
Neish I., Suryanarayan S. (2017). Development of eucheumatoid seaweed value-chains through carrageenan and beyond. In: Hurtado A., Critchley A., Neish I., (eds). Tropical seaweed farming trends, problems and opportunities. Developments in Applied Phycology 9, Murdoch, Australia. pp: 173-192.
Pérez-Enríquez R. (1996a). Growth of Eucheuma isiforme (C.Agardh) J. Agardh on experimental rafts off the coast of Yucatan State, Mexico. J. Appl. Phycol., 8:27–28.
Pérez-Enríquez R. (1996b). Summer biomass density and weight assessment of the red seaweed Eucheuma isiforme (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) at Dzilam Yucatan State, Mexico. Bot. Mar., 39:251-253.
Pirela E. (2005). Hidrografía y cambios estructurales del fitoplancton de la bahía Charagato, isla de Cubagua durante el periodo abril 2003-marzo 2004. Tesis de pregrado, Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar, Boca del Río, Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela.
Racca E., Hurtado R., Dawes C., Valladares C., Rubio J. (1993). Desarrollo de cultivo de Gracilarias en la península de Araya (Venezuela). En: Situación actual de la industria de macroalgas productoras de ficocoloides en América Latina y el Caribe. FAO, Proyecto Aquila II, Programa Cooperativo Gubernamental [en línea]. Italia. 15 Octubre 2016: (http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ab483s/AB483S05.htm#ch5).
Rincones R. (2000). Marine Agronomy: A sustainable alternative for coastal communities in developing countries. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 3(2): 70-72.
Rincones R. (2011). Mariculture and environmental research consultancy final report to the Ashton multipurpose cooperative (AMCO), Ashton Union Island, St. Vincent and the Grenadines (West Indies) as part of the GEF-UNDP project entitled “Developing the economic viability, human capacity, and environmental sustainability of a seamoss cooperative in Union Island. Saint Vincent & the Grenadines. pp: 113.
Rincones R. (2016). Manual para el cultivo experimental de la macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii como alternativa productiva y sostenible para los pescadores artesanales del Ecuador. Informe del proyecto “Maricultura y Piscicultura para el Fomento Acuícola en el Ecuador”, Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca. Cooperativa de Producción Pesquera Artesanal Santa Rosa, Salinas. pp: 116. [en línea]. Ecuador. 14 marzo 2017:(http://www.coopsantarosa.com/index.php/component/content/article/2-ultimas-novedades/29-proyecto-macro-algas).
Rincones R., Moreno D. (2011). Aspectos técnicos y económicos para el establecimiento comercial del maricultivo de algas en Colombia: Experiencias en la Península de La Guajira. Ambiente y Desarrollo, Bogotá. Vol 15: 28, p.123-144 [en línea] Colombia. 24 diciembre 2018:(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277262194_Aspectos_tecnicos_y_economicos_para_el_establecimiento_comercial_del_maricultivo_de_algas_en_Colombia_experiencias_en_la_Peninsula_de_La_Guajira).
Rincones R., Rubio J. (1999). Introduction and commercial cultivation of the red alga Eucheuma in Venezuela for the production of phycocolloids. World Aquaculture, 30(2):58-63.
Rincones R., Rubio J., Racca E. (1992). Gracilaria pilot farming in Venezuela. In: Mshigeni K., Bolton J., Critchley A., Kiangi G. (eds). Sustainable seaweed resource development in sub-Saharan Africa. Windhoek, Namibia: University of Namibia. pp: 309-318.
Robledo D. (2006). Seaweed resources of Mexico. In: Critchley A., Ohno M., Largo D.(eds). World seaweed resources. DVD-ROM multimedia interactive software-UNESCO Publishing/ETI Bioinformatics, Universidad de Amsterdam. pp. 331-342.
Robledo D., Freile-Pelegrín Y. (2011). Prospects for the cultivation of economically important carrageenophytes in Southeast Mexico. J. Appl. Phycol., 23(3):415-419.
Rodríguez de Ríos N. (1965). Lista de algas macroscópicas de la bahía de Mochima (Venezuela). Lagena, 8:41-50.
Santelices B. (1975). Ecological studies on Hawaiian Gelidiales (Rhodophyta). Tesis Ph.D., University of Hawaii, Hawaii.
Santos G. (1989). Carrageenans of species Eucheuma J. Agardh Kappaphycus Doty (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta). Aquat. Bot., 36:55-67.
Smith A. (1992). Seaweed cultivation in the West Indies. In: Mshigeni K., Bolton J., Critchley A. Kiangi G. (eds). Sustainable Seaweed Resource Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia. pp. 337-351.
Smith A. (1997). Seamoss cultivation in the West Indies. CANARI Guidelines Series 1.
Smith A., Rincones R. (2006). Seaweed resources of the Caribbean. In: Critchley A., Ohno M., Largo D.(eds). World seaweed resources. DVD-ROM multimedia interactive software-UNESCO Publishing/ETI Bioinformatics, University of the Netherlands, Amsterdam, Países Bajos. pp: 1-14.
Areces A. (1995). Cultivo comercial de carragenófitas del género Kappaphycus Doty. En: Alveal K., Ferrairo M., Oliveira E., Sar E. (eds). Manual de Métodos Ficológicos, Concepción, Universidad Concepción, Chile. pp: 529–550.
Barbaroux O., Perez R., Dreno J. (1984). L'algue rouge Eucheuma spinosum possibilities d'exploitationet de culture aux Antilles. Bull. Inst. Peches. Marit., 348:2-9.
Cheney D., Dawes C. (1980). On the need for revision of the taxonomy of Eucheuma (Rhodophyta) in Florida and the Caribbean Sea. J. Phycol., 16:622-625.
Dawes C. (1974). On the mariculture of the Florida seaweed Eucheuma isiforme. Sea Grant Program, State University System of Florida, USA. pp: 10.
Dawes C. (1989). Temperature acclimation in cultured Eucheuma isiforme from Florida and E. alvarezii from the Philippines. J. Appl. Phycol., 1:59–65.
Dawes C., La Claire J., Moon R. (1976). Culture studies on Eucheuma nudum J. Agardh, a carrageenan producing red alga from Florida. Aquaculture, 7:1-9.
Dawes C., Mathieson A., Cheney D. (1974). Ecological studies of Floridian Eucheuma (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales). 1. Seasonal growth and reproduction. Bull. Mar. Sci., 24:235-273.
Doty M. (1979). Status of marine agronomy, with special reference to the tropics. Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp., 9:35–58.
Doty M. (1987). The production and use of Eucheuma. In: Doty M., Caddy J., Santelices B. (eds), Case Studies of Seven Commercial Seaweed Resources. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 281, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. pp: 123-164.
Doty M., Caddy J., Santelices B. (1987). Case studies of seven commercial seaweed resources. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [en línea]. Roma. 17 Agosto 2017: (http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5819e/x5819e00.htm).
Freile-Pelegrín Y., Robledo D. (2008). Carrageenan of Eucheuma isiforme (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) from Nicaragua. J. Appl. Phycol., 20:537-541.
Freile-Pelegrín Y., Robledo D., Azamar J. (2006a). Carrageenan of Eucheuma isiforme (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) from Yucatan, Mexico. I. Effect of extraction conditions. Bot. Mar., 49:65–71.
Freile-Pelegrín Y., Robledo D., Azamar J. (2006b). Carrageenan of Eucheuma isiforme (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) from Yucatan, Mexico. II. Seasonal variations in carrageenan and biochemical characteristics. Bot. Mar., 49:72–78.
Gómez A. (1996). Causas de la fertilidad marina en el nororiente de Venezuela. Interciencia, 21(3):140-146.
Hayashi L., Reis R., Dos Santos A., Castelar B., Robledo B., Batista de Vega G., Msuya F., Eswaran K., Yasir S., Majahar M., Hurtado A. (2017). The cultivation of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma in tropical and sub-Tropicaln waters. In: Hurtado A., Critchley A., Neish I. (eds). Tropical seaweed farming trends, problems and opportunities. Developments in Applied Phycology 9. Murdoch, Australia. pp: 55-90.
Herrera L., Febres-Ortega G. (1975). Procesos de surgencia y de renovación de agua en la Fosa de Cariaco del Mar Caribe. Bol. Inst. Oceanogr. Vzla., 14 (1):31-44.
Hurtado A. (2013). Social and economic dimensions of carrageenan seaweed farming in the Philippines. In: Valderrama D., Cai J., Hishamunda N., Ridler N. (eds). Social and economic dimensions of carrageenan seaweed farming, FAO, Roma, Technical Paper No. 580. pp: 91-113.
Mathieson A., Dawes C. (1974). Ecological studies of Floridian Eucheuma (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales): 11. Photosynthesis and respiration. Bull. Mar. Sci., 34: 274-285.
Muñoz J., Freile-Pelegrín Y., Robledo D. (2004). Mariculture of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) color strains in tropical waters of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Aquaculture, 239:161–177.
Neish I., Suryanarayan S. (2017). Development of eucheumatoid seaweed value-chains through carrageenan and beyond. In: Hurtado A., Critchley A., Neish I., (eds). Tropical seaweed farming trends, problems and opportunities. Developments in Applied Phycology 9, Murdoch, Australia. pp: 173-192.
Pérez-Enríquez R. (1996a). Growth of Eucheuma isiforme (C.Agardh) J. Agardh on experimental rafts off the coast of Yucatan State, Mexico. J. Appl. Phycol., 8:27–28.
Pérez-Enríquez R. (1996b). Summer biomass density and weight assessment of the red seaweed Eucheuma isiforme (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) at Dzilam Yucatan State, Mexico. Bot. Mar., 39:251-253.
Pirela E. (2005). Hidrografía y cambios estructurales del fitoplancton de la bahía Charagato, isla de Cubagua durante el periodo abril 2003-marzo 2004. Tesis de pregrado, Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar, Boca del Río, Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela.
Racca E., Hurtado R., Dawes C., Valladares C., Rubio J. (1993). Desarrollo de cultivo de Gracilarias en la península de Araya (Venezuela). En: Situación actual de la industria de macroalgas productoras de ficocoloides en América Latina y el Caribe. FAO, Proyecto Aquila II, Programa Cooperativo Gubernamental [en línea]. Italia. 15 Octubre 2016: (http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ab483s/AB483S05.htm#ch5).
Rincones R. (2000). Marine Agronomy: A sustainable alternative for coastal communities in developing countries. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 3(2): 70-72.
Rincones R. (2011). Mariculture and environmental research consultancy final report to the Ashton multipurpose cooperative (AMCO), Ashton Union Island, St. Vincent and the Grenadines (West Indies) as part of the GEF-UNDP project entitled “Developing the economic viability, human capacity, and environmental sustainability of a seamoss cooperative in Union Island. Saint Vincent & the Grenadines. pp: 113.
Rincones R. (2016). Manual para el cultivo experimental de la macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii como alternativa productiva y sostenible para los pescadores artesanales del Ecuador. Informe del proyecto “Maricultura y Piscicultura para el Fomento Acuícola en el Ecuador”, Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca. Cooperativa de Producción Pesquera Artesanal Santa Rosa, Salinas. pp: 116. [en línea]. Ecuador. 14 marzo 2017:(http://www.coopsantarosa.com/index.php/component/content/article/2-ultimas-novedades/29-proyecto-macro-algas).
Rincones R., Moreno D. (2011). Aspectos técnicos y económicos para el establecimiento comercial del maricultivo de algas en Colombia: Experiencias en la Península de La Guajira. Ambiente y Desarrollo, Bogotá. Vol 15: 28, p.123-144 [en línea] Colombia. 24 diciembre 2018:(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277262194_Aspectos_tecnicos_y_economicos_para_el_establecimiento_comercial_del_maricultivo_de_algas_en_Colombia_experiencias_en_la_Peninsula_de_La_Guajira).
Rincones R., Rubio J. (1999). Introduction and commercial cultivation of the red alga Eucheuma in Venezuela for the production of phycocolloids. World Aquaculture, 30(2):58-63.
Rincones R., Rubio J., Racca E. (1992). Gracilaria pilot farming in Venezuela. In: Mshigeni K., Bolton J., Critchley A., Kiangi G. (eds). Sustainable seaweed resource development in sub-Saharan Africa. Windhoek, Namibia: University of Namibia. pp: 309-318.
Robledo D. (2006). Seaweed resources of Mexico. In: Critchley A., Ohno M., Largo D.(eds). World seaweed resources. DVD-ROM multimedia interactive software-UNESCO Publishing/ETI Bioinformatics, Universidad de Amsterdam. pp. 331-342.
Robledo D., Freile-Pelegrín Y. (2011). Prospects for the cultivation of economically important carrageenophytes in Southeast Mexico. J. Appl. Phycol., 23(3):415-419.
Rodríguez de Ríos N. (1965). Lista de algas macroscópicas de la bahía de Mochima (Venezuela). Lagena, 8:41-50.
Santelices B. (1975). Ecological studies on Hawaiian Gelidiales (Rhodophyta). Tesis Ph.D., University of Hawaii, Hawaii.
Santos G. (1989). Carrageenans of species Eucheuma J. Agardh Kappaphycus Doty (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta). Aquat. Bot., 36:55-67.
Smith A. (1992). Seaweed cultivation in the West Indies. In: Mshigeni K., Bolton J., Critchley A. Kiangi G. (eds). Sustainable Seaweed Resource Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia. pp. 337-351.
Smith A. (1997). Seamoss cultivation in the West Indies. CANARI Guidelines Series 1.
Smith A., Rincones R. (2006). Seaweed resources of the Caribbean. In: Critchley A., Ohno M., Largo D.(eds). World seaweed resources. DVD-ROM multimedia interactive software-UNESCO Publishing/ETI Bioinformatics, University of the Netherlands, Amsterdam, Países Bajos. pp: 1-14.
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2020-09-18
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