Efecto de la alimentación natural con organismos del meiobentos marino y biofloc sobre los parámetros de producción en el cultivo de camarón Penaeus vannamei
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33936/at.v3i2.3691Palabras clave:
Biofloc, Sustratos, Nematodos, CamarónResumen
Con el crecimiento demográfico, el consumo de camarón aumenta exponencialmente, por lo cual es imprescindible la búsqueda de nuevas tecnologías que disminuyan costos y optimicen la producción. Los sistemas biofloc compuestos por bacterias, algas, protozoos y metazoos han sido considerados una alternativa eficiente como suplemento alimentario en el cultivo de camarón. Además, el suministro de meiofauna en los cultivos tiene efectos positivos en el crecimiento del camarón debido a su alto contenido proteico y de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados. Se evaluó el efecto de la alimentación natural con organismos del meiobentos marino y biofloc sobre los paramentos de producción en el cultivo de Penaeus vannamei. El ensayo se realizó en temporada de verano y se analizaron parámetros de calidad del agua e indicadores productivos. La densidad inicial de cultivo fue 40 postlarvas por 0,18 m2. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado conformado por cuatro tratamientos con tres réplicas. En el tratamiento 1 (B), se utilizó la tecnología convencional para cultivo de camarón, con alimento balanceado y agua de mar. En el tratamiento 2 (S) se colocó una capa de cinco centímetros de sustrato arenoso fino y alimento balanceado. En el tratamiento 3 (S-Bf) se añadió sustrato, biofloc y alimento balanceado. En el tratamiento 4 (B-Bf) se aplicó biofloc y alimento balanceado. Los valores de temperatura, pH, salinidad, oxígeno disuelto, sólidos suspendidos, nitrito, nitrato y amoniaco se mantuvieron dentro de los parámetros óptimos para la especie. El tratamiento que tuvo el mayor peso final fue S-Bf (1,17 g) y el tratamiento que reportó menor peso fue el B con 0,76 g. Los resultados sugieren que la combinación de los flóculos bacterianos del biofloc más los micro invertebrados meiobentónicos pueden constituir una estrategia para mejorar la productividad del cultivo y mantener los parámetros ambientales en intervalos óptimos.
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Ballester E.L.C., Abreu P.C., Cavalli R.O., Emerenciano M.., De Abreu L., Wasielesky Jr. (2010). Effect of practical diets with different protein levels on the performance of Farfantepenaeus paulensis juveniles nursed in a zero exchange suspended microbial flocs intensive system. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16(2): 163-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00648.x.
Ballester E. L., Wasielesky Jr. W., Cavallia R. O., Abreub P. C. (2007). Nursery of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis in cages with artificial substrates: Biofilm composition and shrimp performance. Aquaculture 269 (1-4): 355-362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.003
Brüggemann, J. (2012). Nematodes as Live Food in Larviculture – A Review. Journal of the world aquaculture society, 43(6): 739-763. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2012.00608.x.
Brown N., Eddy S., Plaud S. (2011). Utilization of waste from a marine recirculating fish culture system as a feed source for the polychaete worm, Nereis virens. Estados Unidos: Aquaculture 322-323: 177-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.09.017
Conover, W. 1999. Practical Nonparametric Statistcs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Cuzon G., Lawrence A., Gaxiola G., Rosas C., Guillaume J. (2004). Nutrition of Penaeus vannamei reared in tanks or in ponds. Aquaculture, 213(1-4): 513-551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.12.022
Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1
Durruty. (2001). Requerimientos nutrimentales de proteína en postlarvas de Litopenaeus setiferus y Penaeus vannamei. Tesis de Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas de Recursos Acuáticos. Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Niños Héroes, México.
Emerenciano M. G., Martínez-Córdova L. R., Martínez-Porchas M., Miranda-Baeza A. (2017). Biofloc Technology (BFT): A tool for water quality management in aquaculture in Tutu H. (ed) Water Quality. INTECH, 91-109.
Esparza-Leal H. M., Cardozo A.P., Wasielesky Jr. W. (2015). Performance of Penaeus vannamei postlarvae reared in indoor nursery tanks at high stocking density in clear-water versus biofloc system, Aquacultural Engineering, 68: 28-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2015.07.004
Focken U., Schlechtriem C., vonWuthenau M., García-Ortega A., Puello-Cruz A., Becker K. (2006). Panagrellus redivivus mass produced on solid media as live food for Penaeus vannamei larvae. Aquaculture Research, 37(14):1429-1436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01578.x
Furtado P., Valenzuela M., Rodríguez-Fuentes G., Campos B., Wasielesky W., Gaxiola G. (2016). Chronic effect of nitrite on the rearing of the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei in two salinities. Rio Grande: Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 49(3): 201-211. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2016.1163837
Fry J.P., Mailloux N.A., Love D.C., Milli M.C., Cao L. (2018). Feed conversion efficiency in aquaculture: do we measure it correctly?. Environmental Research Letters, 13(2018)024017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa273
Giere, O. (2009). Meiobenthology. The Microscopic Motile Fauna of Aquatic Sediments (2da ed.). Berlin: Springer.
Grealis, E., Hynes S., O'Donoghue C., Vega A., Osch S. V., Twomey C. (2017). The economic impact of aquaculture expansion: An input-output approach. Marine Policy, 81: 29-36. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.03.014
Grzelak K., Kotwicki L. (2011). Distribución de la meiofauna en el fiordo Hornsund, Spitsbergen. Polar Biology, 35: 269–280.
Ibarra-Mayorga E., Rojas-García C., Mateo R. L. (2014). Ensayo de un sistema artificial con sustrato para crecimiento de juveniles de Penaeus vannamei: evaluación de dos micro cohortes con participación de nematodos y ‘bioflocs’. La Técnica, 12: 64-75.
Jury C., Thomas F., Atkinson M. J., Toonen R. J. (2013). Buffer Capacity, Ecosystem Feedbacks, and Seawater Chemistry under Global Change. Water, 5(3):1303-1325. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w5031303
Kahan D, T Bar-El, Y Brandstein, M Rigbi, B. Olano. (1980). Free-living nematodes as a dietary supplement in the rearing of fish fry and hatcheries. General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean Studies and Reviews 57: 67-78.
Kureshy N., Davis A. (2002). Protein requirement for maintenance and maximum weight gain for the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus Vannamei. Aquaculture, 204(1): 125-143. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00649-4.
Kruskal W. H., Wallis W. A. (1952). Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47 (260): 583–621. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1952.10483441.
Lee P., Smith Lawrence. (1984). Digestive proteases of Penaeus vannamei: relationship between enzyme activity, size and diet. Aquaculture, 42 (3-4): 225-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(84)90103-0
Levene, H. (1960) Robust Tests for Equality of Variances, In: I. Olkin, et al. (Eds.) Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, pp. 278-292.
Loureiro C. K., Wasielesky, W., Abreu P. C. (2012). The use of protozoan, rotifers and nematodes as live food for shrimp raised in BTF system. Atlântica, 34(1): 5-12. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5088/atl.2012.34.1.5
Martínez-Córdova, Campaña-Torres, Porchas-Cornejo. (2003). Dietary protein level and natural food management in the culture of blue (Penaeus stylirostris) and white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) in microcosms. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(3): 155-160. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00235.x
Martínez-Córdova, L. R. (2003). Camaronicultura: Avances y tendencias. AGT Editor, S.A. Sonora, México.
Nunes A.J.P., Gesteira T.C.V., Goddard, S. (1997). Food ingestion and assimilation by the southern brown shrimp Penaeus subtilis under semi-intensive culture in NE Brazil. Aquaculture, 149(1-2): 121-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01433-0.
Prata Gaona C. A., Serra F. P., Furtado P. S., Poersch L. H., Wasielesky Jr. W. (2016). Effect of different total suspended solids concentrations on the growth performance of Penaeus vannamei in a BFT system. Aquacultural Engineering, 72-73: 65-69. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.03.004.
Rios da Silva K. R., Abreu P. C., Wasielesky W. (2009). Dinamica del nitrógeno y del fósforo en el cultivo superintensivo de camarones Penaeus vannamei y Farfantepenaeus paulensis sin renovación de agua. Tesis de Maestría en Acuicultura., 55 pp.
Rodier J., Legube G., Merlet N. (2011). Análisis del agua. 9ª Edición. Ed. Omega, S.A. Barcelona-España, 336 pp.
Samocha T., Lewinsohn C. (1977). A preliminary report on rearing penaeid shrimps in Israel. Aquaculture, 10(3): 291-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(77)90009-6.
Shapiro S., Wilk B. (1965). An análisis of variante test for normalita (complete simples) Biométrica, 52(3-4): 591-611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2333709.
Wasielesky W., Atwood H., Stokes A., Browdy C. L. (2006). Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 258(1-4): 396-403. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.030.
Wilkenfeld J. S., Lawrence A. L., Kuban F. D. (1984). Survival, metamorphosis and growth of penaeid shrimp larvae reared on a variety of algal and animal foods. Journal of the World Mariculture Society, 15: (1-4) 31-49. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1984.tb00134.x.
Xu W., J. Pan, L. Q., Sun X. H., Huang J. (2012). Effects of bioflocs on water quality, and survival, growth and digestive enzyme activities of Penaeus vannamei (Boone) in zero -water exchange culture tanks. Aquaculture Research, 44(7):1-10. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03115.x.
Zhang K., Pan L., Chen W., Wang C. (2015). Effect of using sodium bicarbonate to adjust the pH to different levels on water quality, the growth and the immune response of shrimp Penaeus vannamei reared in zero-water exchange biofloc-based culture tanks. Aquaculture Research, 48(3):1194-1208. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.12961.
Ballester E. L., Wasielesky Jr. W., Cavallia R. O., Abreub P. C. (2007). Nursery of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis in cages with artificial substrates: Biofilm composition and shrimp performance. Aquaculture 269 (1-4): 355-362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.003
Brüggemann, J. (2012). Nematodes as Live Food in Larviculture – A Review. Journal of the world aquaculture society, 43(6): 739-763. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2012.00608.x.
Brown N., Eddy S., Plaud S. (2011). Utilization of waste from a marine recirculating fish culture system as a feed source for the polychaete worm, Nereis virens. Estados Unidos: Aquaculture 322-323: 177-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.09.017
Conover, W. 1999. Practical Nonparametric Statistcs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Cuzon G., Lawrence A., Gaxiola G., Rosas C., Guillaume J. (2004). Nutrition of Penaeus vannamei reared in tanks or in ponds. Aquaculture, 213(1-4): 513-551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.12.022
Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1
Durruty. (2001). Requerimientos nutrimentales de proteína en postlarvas de Litopenaeus setiferus y Penaeus vannamei. Tesis de Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas de Recursos Acuáticos. Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Niños Héroes, México.
Emerenciano M. G., Martínez-Córdova L. R., Martínez-Porchas M., Miranda-Baeza A. (2017). Biofloc Technology (BFT): A tool for water quality management in aquaculture in Tutu H. (ed) Water Quality. INTECH, 91-109.
Esparza-Leal H. M., Cardozo A.P., Wasielesky Jr. W. (2015). Performance of Penaeus vannamei postlarvae reared in indoor nursery tanks at high stocking density in clear-water versus biofloc system, Aquacultural Engineering, 68: 28-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2015.07.004
Focken U., Schlechtriem C., vonWuthenau M., García-Ortega A., Puello-Cruz A., Becker K. (2006). Panagrellus redivivus mass produced on solid media as live food for Penaeus vannamei larvae. Aquaculture Research, 37(14):1429-1436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01578.x
Furtado P., Valenzuela M., Rodríguez-Fuentes G., Campos B., Wasielesky W., Gaxiola G. (2016). Chronic effect of nitrite on the rearing of the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei in two salinities. Rio Grande: Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 49(3): 201-211. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2016.1163837
Fry J.P., Mailloux N.A., Love D.C., Milli M.C., Cao L. (2018). Feed conversion efficiency in aquaculture: do we measure it correctly?. Environmental Research Letters, 13(2018)024017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa273
Giere, O. (2009). Meiobenthology. The Microscopic Motile Fauna of Aquatic Sediments (2da ed.). Berlin: Springer.
Grealis, E., Hynes S., O'Donoghue C., Vega A., Osch S. V., Twomey C. (2017). The economic impact of aquaculture expansion: An input-output approach. Marine Policy, 81: 29-36. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.03.014
Grzelak K., Kotwicki L. (2011). Distribución de la meiofauna en el fiordo Hornsund, Spitsbergen. Polar Biology, 35: 269–280.
Ibarra-Mayorga E., Rojas-García C., Mateo R. L. (2014). Ensayo de un sistema artificial con sustrato para crecimiento de juveniles de Penaeus vannamei: evaluación de dos micro cohortes con participación de nematodos y ‘bioflocs’. La Técnica, 12: 64-75.
Jury C., Thomas F., Atkinson M. J., Toonen R. J. (2013). Buffer Capacity, Ecosystem Feedbacks, and Seawater Chemistry under Global Change. Water, 5(3):1303-1325. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w5031303
Kahan D, T Bar-El, Y Brandstein, M Rigbi, B. Olano. (1980). Free-living nematodes as a dietary supplement in the rearing of fish fry and hatcheries. General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean Studies and Reviews 57: 67-78.
Kureshy N., Davis A. (2002). Protein requirement for maintenance and maximum weight gain for the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus Vannamei. Aquaculture, 204(1): 125-143. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00649-4.
Kruskal W. H., Wallis W. A. (1952). Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47 (260): 583–621. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1952.10483441.
Lee P., Smith Lawrence. (1984). Digestive proteases of Penaeus vannamei: relationship between enzyme activity, size and diet. Aquaculture, 42 (3-4): 225-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(84)90103-0
Levene, H. (1960) Robust Tests for Equality of Variances, In: I. Olkin, et al. (Eds.) Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, pp. 278-292.
Loureiro C. K., Wasielesky, W., Abreu P. C. (2012). The use of protozoan, rotifers and nematodes as live food for shrimp raised in BTF system. Atlântica, 34(1): 5-12. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5088/atl.2012.34.1.5
Martínez-Córdova, Campaña-Torres, Porchas-Cornejo. (2003). Dietary protein level and natural food management in the culture of blue (Penaeus stylirostris) and white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) in microcosms. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(3): 155-160. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00235.x
Martínez-Córdova, L. R. (2003). Camaronicultura: Avances y tendencias. AGT Editor, S.A. Sonora, México.
Nunes A.J.P., Gesteira T.C.V., Goddard, S. (1997). Food ingestion and assimilation by the southern brown shrimp Penaeus subtilis under semi-intensive culture in NE Brazil. Aquaculture, 149(1-2): 121-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01433-0.
Prata Gaona C. A., Serra F. P., Furtado P. S., Poersch L. H., Wasielesky Jr. W. (2016). Effect of different total suspended solids concentrations on the growth performance of Penaeus vannamei in a BFT system. Aquacultural Engineering, 72-73: 65-69. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.03.004.
Rios da Silva K. R., Abreu P. C., Wasielesky W. (2009). Dinamica del nitrógeno y del fósforo en el cultivo superintensivo de camarones Penaeus vannamei y Farfantepenaeus paulensis sin renovación de agua. Tesis de Maestría en Acuicultura., 55 pp.
Rodier J., Legube G., Merlet N. (2011). Análisis del agua. 9ª Edición. Ed. Omega, S.A. Barcelona-España, 336 pp.
Samocha T., Lewinsohn C. (1977). A preliminary report on rearing penaeid shrimps in Israel. Aquaculture, 10(3): 291-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(77)90009-6.
Shapiro S., Wilk B. (1965). An análisis of variante test for normalita (complete simples) Biométrica, 52(3-4): 591-611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2333709.
Wasielesky W., Atwood H., Stokes A., Browdy C. L. (2006). Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 258(1-4): 396-403. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.030.
Wilkenfeld J. S., Lawrence A. L., Kuban F. D. (1984). Survival, metamorphosis and growth of penaeid shrimp larvae reared on a variety of algal and animal foods. Journal of the World Mariculture Society, 15: (1-4) 31-49. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1984.tb00134.x.
Xu W., J. Pan, L. Q., Sun X. H., Huang J. (2012). Effects of bioflocs on water quality, and survival, growth and digestive enzyme activities of Penaeus vannamei (Boone) in zero -water exchange culture tanks. Aquaculture Research, 44(7):1-10. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03115.x.
Zhang K., Pan L., Chen W., Wang C. (2015). Effect of using sodium bicarbonate to adjust the pH to different levels on water quality, the growth and the immune response of shrimp Penaeus vannamei reared in zero-water exchange biofloc-based culture tanks. Aquaculture Research, 48(3):1194-1208. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.12961.
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2021-07-28
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