La vinaza como bioherbicida y biofertilizante: una alternativa sostenible para la agricultura ecológica
Agricultura y Silvicultura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33936/latecnica.v15i2.7355Palavras-chave:
sostenibilidad agroindustrial, control de malezas, manejo de residuos.Resumo
La vinaza, un subproducto del bioetanol, tiene un gran potencial como biofertilizante y herbicida en la agricultura ecológica. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de vinaza no tratada y pretratada con CO₃Ca, NaHCO₃ y Ca(OH)₂ en parcelas de 1 m², utilizando un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. La vinaza fue pretratada para ajustar su pH y se aplicaron distintas dosis, midiendo variables como la altura de las plantas, número de hojas y quemaduras foliares. Los resultados mostraron que los tratamientos con NaHCO₃ y Ca(OH)₂ redujeron la conductividad eléctrica (CE) en más del 99%, alcanzando valores cercanos a 13,64 µS·cm-1, frente al testigo de 6420 µS·cm-1. La DBO₅ disminuyó a 5.000 mg·L-1, mientras que la DQO aumentó a 155,250 mg·L-1. El tratamiento con CO₃Ca promovió un notable crecimiento vegetal, con una altura promedio de 32,25 ± 1,12 cm a los 23 días, demostrando su efecto como biofertilizante. En el control de malezas, la vinaza no tratada causó hasta un 80% de quemaduras en Microtea debilis y un 100% en Cyanthillium cinereum. Los tratamientos con NaHCO₃ y Ca(OH)₂ mostraron efectos herbicidas de entre un 5% y 60% en 10 especies diferentes. En conclusión, la vinaza tratada con CO₃Ca favorece la biofertilidad, mientras que la vinaza combinada con NaHCO₃ y Ca(OH)₂ es más efectiva como herbicida.
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