Crecimiento y supervivencia del camarón Penaeus vannamei con aplicación de actinomicetos probióticos y homeopatía
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33936/at.v2i2.2676Palabras clave:
Homeopatía acuícola, Probióticos, Streptomyces spp., Vibrio spp., Penaeus vannamei, Crecimiento, Supervivencia, Calidad del aguaResumen
Se evaluó el efecto de bacterias probióticas y medicamentos homeopáticos sobre el crecimiento, la supervivencia y la calidad del agua en el cultivo de juveniles del camarón blanco del pacífico Penaeus vannamei. Cuatro grupos experimentales fueron tratados durante 30 días con dos cepas probióticas de Streptomyces spp. RL8 (T1) y N7 (T2), con productos homeopáticos desarrollados en CIBNOR a partir de bacterias patógenas [ViP-7C+VIA-7C] (T3), con medicamentos homeopáticos para humanos [PhA-7C+SIT-7C] (T4) y con agua destilada como grupo control (T5). Los camarones tratados con T2, T3 y T4 mostraron una ganancia significativamente mayor en peso (P<0.05) con respecto a T5. El peso diario ganado fue significativamente mayor (P<0,05) en los camarones tratados con T2 y T3, con respecto a T5. Se registraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) en la tasa de supervivencia de camarones tratados con T1, T2 y T3, con respecto al control (T5). La densidad de Vibrio spp. en el agua de cultivo fue significativamente menor (P<0,05) en T1, T3 y T4, que en T5. Tomando como referencia a T5, en todos los grupos experimentales se observó una reducción significativa (P<0,05) de vibrios en el hepatopáncreas. Como contraparte, la abundancia de bacterias heterótrofas marinas totales en el hepatopáncreas en todos los grupos experimentales fue significativamente mayor (P<0,05) con respecto al control (T5). Estos resultados demuestran que la aplicación de actinomicetos probióticos y de medicamentos homeopáticos tiene potencial como alternativa al uso y abuso de antibióticos costosos y potencialmente nocivos, ya que además de mantener buena calidad del agua promueven el crecimiento y la supervivencia de P. vannanmei, son bio-seguros y podrían ser económicamente competitivos para su aplicación en el cultivo comercial de la especie.
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Ahmed E., Holmström S.J. (2015). Siderophore production by microorganisms isolated from a podzol soil profile. Geomicrobiology Journal, 32:397-411.
Akhter N., Wu B., Memon A.M., Mohsin M. (2015) Probiotics and prebiotics associated with aquaculture: a review, Fish Shellfish Immunology, 45:733-741.
Aly S.M., Ahmed Y.A.G, Ghareeb A.A.A, Mohamed M.F. (2008). Studies on Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus, as potential probiotics, on the immune response and resistance of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) to challenge infections, Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 25:128-136.
Augustine D., Jacob J.C., Philip R. (2015). Exclusion of Vibrio spp. by an antagonistic marine actinomycete Streptomyces rubrolavendulae M56. Aquaculture Research:1-10.
Bell I.R., Koithan M. (2012). A model for homeopathic remedy effects: low dose nanoparticles, allostatic cross-adaptation, and time-dependent sensitization in a complex adaptive system. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 12:191.
Boonthai T., Vuthiphandchai V., Nimrat S. (2011). Probiotic Bacteria Effects on Growth and Bacterial Composition of Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Aquaculture Nutrition, 17:34-38.
Braccini G.L., Marçal M.R., Ribeiro R.P., Hideo R., Riggo R., Olivera C.A.L., Hildebrandt J.F., Vargas L. (2013). Morpho-functional response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to a homeopathic complex. Homeopathy, 102:233-241.
Chumpol S., Kantachote D., Nitoda T., Kanzaki H. (2017). The Roles of Probiotic Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria to Control Water Quality and Prevent Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) for Enhancement Growth with Higher Survival in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) During Cultivation. Aquaculture, 47:27-33.
Das S., Lyla P. Ajmal Khan S. (2006). Application of Streptomyces as a probiotic in the laboratory culture of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). Israeli J Aquacult. – Bamid, 58:198-204.
Das S., Ward L., Burke C. (2008). Prospects of using marine actinobacteria as probiotics in aquaculture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 81:419-429.
Das S., Ward L.R. Burke C. (2010). Screening of marine Streptomyces spp. for potential use as probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 305:32-41.
Decamp O., Moriarty D.J., Lavens, P. (2008). Probiotics for shrimp larviculture: review of field data from Asia and Latin America. Aquaculture Research, 39:334-338.
Dharmaraj S., Dhevendaran K. (2010). Evaluation of Streptomyces as a probiotic feed for the growth of ornamental fish Xiphophorushelleri. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 48:497- 504.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2016. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. FAO, Rome Available at http:// www.fao.org/ fi/ oldsite/ eims_search/ 1_dett.asp?pub_id=316888.
Félix N., Sudharsan M. (2004) Effect of glycine betaine, a feed attractant affecting growth and feed conversion of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture Nutrition, 10:193-197.
García-Bernal M. (2016). Obtención de actinomicetos marinos con acción probiótica en ostiones y camarones. Tesis de Doctorado. Universidad Central de Las Villas. Cuba
García-Bernal M., Campa-Córdova A.I., Saucedo P.E., Casanova-González M., Medina-Marrero R., Mazón-Suástegui J.M. (2015). Isolation and in vitro selection of actinomycetes strains as potential probiotics for aquaculture. Veterinary World, 8:170-176.
García-Bernal M., Medina-Marrero R., Campa-Córdova Á.I., Mazón-Suástegui, J.M. (2017). Probiotic effect of Streptomyces strains alone or in combination with Bacillus and Lactobacillus in juveniles of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture International, 25:927-939.
García-Bernal M., Medina-Marrero R., Rodríguez-Jaramillo C., Marrero-Chang O., Campa-Córdova Á. I., Medina-García R., Mazón-Suástegui J.M. (2018). Probiotic effect of Streptomyces spp. on shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24:865-871.
Hernández-Llamas A., Cabanillas-Ramos J., Magallón-Barajas F.J. (2016). Estimating impact of white spot disease on economic risk in semi-intensive shrimp farms in Mexico: the case of the State of Sinaloa. Reviews Aquaculture, 8:111–120.
Khuda-Bukhsh A.R., Pathak, S. (2008). Homeopathic drug discovery: theory update and methodological aspect. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 3:979-990.
Kiarazm M., Tajik P., Nava H.G. (2011). Assessment of the effect of homoeopathic nosodes in subclinical bovine mastitis. Annals of Biological Research, 2:552-562.
Kumar R.N., Raman R P., Jadhao S B., Brahmchari,R.K., Kumar K., Dash, G. ( 2013). Effect of dietary supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis on gut microbiota, growth and immune response in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879). Aquaculture International, 21: 387-403.
Liu K.F., Chiu C.H., Shiu Y.P., Cheng W., Liu C.H. (2010). Effects of the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20, on the survival, development, stress tolerance, and immune status of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei larvae. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 28:837-844.
Liu H., Wang S., Cai Y., Guo X., Cao Z., Zhang Y., Liu S., Yuan W., Zhu W., Zheng Y., Xie Z., Guo W., Zhou,Y. (2017). Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis HAINUP40 enhances growth, digestive enzyme activities, innate immune responses and disease resistance of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 60:326-333.
López-Carvallo J.A., Arcos-Ortega G F., Tovar-Ramírez D., Hernández-Oñate M.Á., Abasolo-Pacheco F., García-Corona J.L., Mazón-Suástegui J.M. (2019). Effect of immunomodulatory medication over the general response of juvenile Catarina scallop (Argopecten ventricosus Sowerby II, 1842). Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 47:65-77.
Merlini L.S., Vargas L., Piau R., Ribeiro R.P., Merlini N.B. (2014). Effects of a homeopathic complex on the performance and cortisol levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Homeopathy, 103:139-142.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., García-Bernal M. Saucedo P.E., Campa-Córdova A.I., Abasolo-Pacheco F. (2017). Homeopathy outperforms antibiotics in juvenile scallop Argopecten ventricosus: Effects on growth, survival, and immune response. Homeopathy, 106:18-26.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., García-Bernal M., Avilés-Quevedo A., Campa-Córdova A.I., Salas-Leiva J., Abasolo-Pacheco F. (2018-a). Assessment of homeopathic medicines on survival and antioxidant response in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 23:6850-6859.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., Tovar-Ramírez D., Salas-Leiva J. S., Arcos-Ortega G.F., García-Bernal M., Avilés-Quevedo M.A., López-Carvallo J.A., García-Corona J.L., Ibarra-García L.E., Ortíz-Cornejo N.L., Teles A., Rosero-García A., Abasolo-Pacheco F., Campa-Cordova A.I., Saucedo Lastra P.E., Barajas-Frias J.D., Ormart-Castro P., Rodriguez-Jaramillo M.C., González-González R., Barajas-Ponce U., Tordecillas-Guillén J.L., Álvarez-Gil F.A., Pineda-Mahr G., Peiro-López J., Robles-Mungaray M. (2018-b). Aquacultural Homoeopathy: A Focus on Marine Species. In: Diarte-Plata G and Escamilla R (eds), “Aquaculture: Plants and Invertebrates”. IntechOpen Books. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/19.5772/intechopen.78030
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., Salas-Leiva J., Teles A., Tovar-Ramírez D. (2019-a). Immune and antioxidant enzyme response of Longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) juveniles to ultra-diluted substances derived from phosphorus, silica and pathogenic Vibrio. Homeopathy, 108:43-53.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., Ojeda-Silvera C.M., García-Bernal M., Avilés-Quevedo M.A., Abasolo-Pacheco F., Batista-Sánchez D., Tovar-Ramírez D., Arcos-Ortega F., Murillo-Amador B., Nieto-Garibay A., Ferrer-Sánchez Y., Morelos-Castro R.M., Alvarado-Mendoza A., Díaz-Díaz M., & Bonilla-Montalvan B. (2019-b). Agricultural homeopathy: New insights into organicʼs. In: Jan Moudry (ed.) “Multifunctionality and Impacts of Organic Agriculture”. IntechOpen Books. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/19.5772/intechopen.84482.
Nimrat S., Suksawat S., Boonthai T., Vuthiphandchai V. (2012). Potential Bacillus\probiotics enhance bacterial numbers, water quality and growth during early development of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Veterinary Microbiology, 159:443-450.
Pinkus T. (2009). Animal Homeopathy- a pragmatic approach. Homeopathy in Practice Summer, 1- 27.
Ramachandran K. (2017). Present Status and Prospect Trends of Probiotics in Shrimp Aquaculture. J FisherieSciences.com 11(2):071-73.
Shah R. (2014). Scientific method of preparing homoeopathic nosodes. Indian Journal of Research in Homeopathy, 8:166-173.
Secretaría de Salud 2015. Farmacopea homeopática de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Tercera Edición. DERECHOS RESERVADOS © 2015. SECRETARÍA DE SALUD, MÉXICO D.F. ISBN: 978-607-460-509-9. Biblioteca Nacional de México 615.532-scdd21. 398 p.
Siena C.E., Natali M.R.M., Braccini G.L., de Oliveira A.C., Ribeiro R.P., Vargas L. (2010). Efeito do núcleo homeopático Homeopatila 100® na eficiência produtiva em alevinos revertidos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 31:985-994.
Silva E.F., Soares, M.A., Calazans N.F., Vogeley J.L., Do Valle B.C., Soares R., Peixoto S. (2012). Effect of probiotic (Bacillus spp.) addition during larvae and postlarvae culture of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 44:13-21.
Sokal R.R., Rohlf F. (1981). Biometry, 2nd edn. WH Feeman and Company, New York, p. 668.
Thompson J., Gregory S., Plummer S., Shields R.J., Rowley, A.F. (2010). An in vitro and in vivo assessment of the potential of Vibrio spp. as probiotics for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 109:1177-1187.
Valentim-Zabott M., Vargas L., Ribeiro R.P.R., Piau R., Torres M.B., Rönnau M., Souza J.C. (2008). Effects of a homeopathic complex in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on performance, sexual proportion and histology. Homeopathy, 97: 190-195.
Venkat H.K., Sahu N.P., Jain K.K. (2004). Effect of feeding Lactobacillus-based probiotics on the gut microflora, growth and survival of postlarvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). Aquaculture Research, 35:501-507.
Verschuere L., Rombaut G., Sorgeloos P., Verstraete W. (2000). Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review, 64:655-671.
Wang L., Chen Y., Huang H., Huang Z., Chen H., Shao Z. (2015). Isolation and identification of Vibrio campbellii as a bacterial pathogen for luminous vibriosis of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 46: 395-404.
Weinberg E.D. (2004). Suppression of bacterial biofilm formation by iron limitation. Medical hypotheses, 63: 863-865.
You J., Xue X., Cao L., Lu X., Wang J., Zhang L., Zhang L., Zhou S. (2007). Inhibition of Vibrio biofilm formation by a marine actinomycete strain A66. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 76:1137-1144.
Zorriehzahra M.J., Delshad S.T., Adel M., Tiwari R., Karthik K., Dhama K., Lazado C.C. (2016). Probiotics as beneficial microbes in aquaculture: an update on their multiple modes of action: a review. Veterinary Quarterly, 36:228-241.
Akhter N., Wu B., Memon A.M., Mohsin M. (2015) Probiotics and prebiotics associated with aquaculture: a review, Fish Shellfish Immunology, 45:733-741.
Aly S.M., Ahmed Y.A.G, Ghareeb A.A.A, Mohamed M.F. (2008). Studies on Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus, as potential probiotics, on the immune response and resistance of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) to challenge infections, Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 25:128-136.
Augustine D., Jacob J.C., Philip R. (2015). Exclusion of Vibrio spp. by an antagonistic marine actinomycete Streptomyces rubrolavendulae M56. Aquaculture Research:1-10.
Bell I.R., Koithan M. (2012). A model for homeopathic remedy effects: low dose nanoparticles, allostatic cross-adaptation, and time-dependent sensitization in a complex adaptive system. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 12:191.
Boonthai T., Vuthiphandchai V., Nimrat S. (2011). Probiotic Bacteria Effects on Growth and Bacterial Composition of Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Aquaculture Nutrition, 17:34-38.
Braccini G.L., Marçal M.R., Ribeiro R.P., Hideo R., Riggo R., Olivera C.A.L., Hildebrandt J.F., Vargas L. (2013). Morpho-functional response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to a homeopathic complex. Homeopathy, 102:233-241.
Chumpol S., Kantachote D., Nitoda T., Kanzaki H. (2017). The Roles of Probiotic Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria to Control Water Quality and Prevent Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) for Enhancement Growth with Higher Survival in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) During Cultivation. Aquaculture, 47:27-33.
Das S., Lyla P. Ajmal Khan S. (2006). Application of Streptomyces as a probiotic in the laboratory culture of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). Israeli J Aquacult. – Bamid, 58:198-204.
Das S., Ward L., Burke C. (2008). Prospects of using marine actinobacteria as probiotics in aquaculture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 81:419-429.
Das S., Ward L.R. Burke C. (2010). Screening of marine Streptomyces spp. for potential use as probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 305:32-41.
Decamp O., Moriarty D.J., Lavens, P. (2008). Probiotics for shrimp larviculture: review of field data from Asia and Latin America. Aquaculture Research, 39:334-338.
Dharmaraj S., Dhevendaran K. (2010). Evaluation of Streptomyces as a probiotic feed for the growth of ornamental fish Xiphophorushelleri. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 48:497- 504.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2016. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. FAO, Rome Available at http:// www.fao.org/ fi/ oldsite/ eims_search/ 1_dett.asp?pub_id=316888.
Félix N., Sudharsan M. (2004) Effect of glycine betaine, a feed attractant affecting growth and feed conversion of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture Nutrition, 10:193-197.
García-Bernal M. (2016). Obtención de actinomicetos marinos con acción probiótica en ostiones y camarones. Tesis de Doctorado. Universidad Central de Las Villas. Cuba
García-Bernal M., Campa-Córdova A.I., Saucedo P.E., Casanova-González M., Medina-Marrero R., Mazón-Suástegui J.M. (2015). Isolation and in vitro selection of actinomycetes strains as potential probiotics for aquaculture. Veterinary World, 8:170-176.
García-Bernal M., Medina-Marrero R., Campa-Córdova Á.I., Mazón-Suástegui, J.M. (2017). Probiotic effect of Streptomyces strains alone or in combination with Bacillus and Lactobacillus in juveniles of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture International, 25:927-939.
García-Bernal M., Medina-Marrero R., Rodríguez-Jaramillo C., Marrero-Chang O., Campa-Córdova Á. I., Medina-García R., Mazón-Suástegui J.M. (2018). Probiotic effect of Streptomyces spp. on shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24:865-871.
Hernández-Llamas A., Cabanillas-Ramos J., Magallón-Barajas F.J. (2016). Estimating impact of white spot disease on economic risk in semi-intensive shrimp farms in Mexico: the case of the State of Sinaloa. Reviews Aquaculture, 8:111–120.
Khuda-Bukhsh A.R., Pathak, S. (2008). Homeopathic drug discovery: theory update and methodological aspect. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 3:979-990.
Kiarazm M., Tajik P., Nava H.G. (2011). Assessment of the effect of homoeopathic nosodes in subclinical bovine mastitis. Annals of Biological Research, 2:552-562.
Kumar R.N., Raman R P., Jadhao S B., Brahmchari,R.K., Kumar K., Dash, G. ( 2013). Effect of dietary supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis on gut microbiota, growth and immune response in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879). Aquaculture International, 21: 387-403.
Liu K.F., Chiu C.H., Shiu Y.P., Cheng W., Liu C.H. (2010). Effects of the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20, on the survival, development, stress tolerance, and immune status of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei larvae. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 28:837-844.
Liu H., Wang S., Cai Y., Guo X., Cao Z., Zhang Y., Liu S., Yuan W., Zhu W., Zheng Y., Xie Z., Guo W., Zhou,Y. (2017). Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis HAINUP40 enhances growth, digestive enzyme activities, innate immune responses and disease resistance of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 60:326-333.
López-Carvallo J.A., Arcos-Ortega G F., Tovar-Ramírez D., Hernández-Oñate M.Á., Abasolo-Pacheco F., García-Corona J.L., Mazón-Suástegui J.M. (2019). Effect of immunomodulatory medication over the general response of juvenile Catarina scallop (Argopecten ventricosus Sowerby II, 1842). Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 47:65-77.
Merlini L.S., Vargas L., Piau R., Ribeiro R.P., Merlini N.B. (2014). Effects of a homeopathic complex on the performance and cortisol levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Homeopathy, 103:139-142.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., García-Bernal M. Saucedo P.E., Campa-Córdova A.I., Abasolo-Pacheco F. (2017). Homeopathy outperforms antibiotics in juvenile scallop Argopecten ventricosus: Effects on growth, survival, and immune response. Homeopathy, 106:18-26.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., García-Bernal M., Avilés-Quevedo A., Campa-Córdova A.I., Salas-Leiva J., Abasolo-Pacheco F. (2018-a). Assessment of homeopathic medicines on survival and antioxidant response in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 23:6850-6859.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., Tovar-Ramírez D., Salas-Leiva J. S., Arcos-Ortega G.F., García-Bernal M., Avilés-Quevedo M.A., López-Carvallo J.A., García-Corona J.L., Ibarra-García L.E., Ortíz-Cornejo N.L., Teles A., Rosero-García A., Abasolo-Pacheco F., Campa-Cordova A.I., Saucedo Lastra P.E., Barajas-Frias J.D., Ormart-Castro P., Rodriguez-Jaramillo M.C., González-González R., Barajas-Ponce U., Tordecillas-Guillén J.L., Álvarez-Gil F.A., Pineda-Mahr G., Peiro-López J., Robles-Mungaray M. (2018-b). Aquacultural Homoeopathy: A Focus on Marine Species. In: Diarte-Plata G and Escamilla R (eds), “Aquaculture: Plants and Invertebrates”. IntechOpen Books. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/19.5772/intechopen.78030
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., Salas-Leiva J., Teles A., Tovar-Ramírez D. (2019-a). Immune and antioxidant enzyme response of Longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) juveniles to ultra-diluted substances derived from phosphorus, silica and pathogenic Vibrio. Homeopathy, 108:43-53.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., Ojeda-Silvera C.M., García-Bernal M., Avilés-Quevedo M.A., Abasolo-Pacheco F., Batista-Sánchez D., Tovar-Ramírez D., Arcos-Ortega F., Murillo-Amador B., Nieto-Garibay A., Ferrer-Sánchez Y., Morelos-Castro R.M., Alvarado-Mendoza A., Díaz-Díaz M., & Bonilla-Montalvan B. (2019-b). Agricultural homeopathy: New insights into organicʼs. In: Jan Moudry (ed.) “Multifunctionality and Impacts of Organic Agriculture”. IntechOpen Books. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/19.5772/intechopen.84482.
Nimrat S., Suksawat S., Boonthai T., Vuthiphandchai V. (2012). Potential Bacillus\probiotics enhance bacterial numbers, water quality and growth during early development of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Veterinary Microbiology, 159:443-450.
Pinkus T. (2009). Animal Homeopathy- a pragmatic approach. Homeopathy in Practice Summer, 1- 27.
Ramachandran K. (2017). Present Status and Prospect Trends of Probiotics in Shrimp Aquaculture. J FisherieSciences.com 11(2):071-73.
Shah R. (2014). Scientific method of preparing homoeopathic nosodes. Indian Journal of Research in Homeopathy, 8:166-173.
Secretaría de Salud 2015. Farmacopea homeopática de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Tercera Edición. DERECHOS RESERVADOS © 2015. SECRETARÍA DE SALUD, MÉXICO D.F. ISBN: 978-607-460-509-9. Biblioteca Nacional de México 615.532-scdd21. 398 p.
Siena C.E., Natali M.R.M., Braccini G.L., de Oliveira A.C., Ribeiro R.P., Vargas L. (2010). Efeito do núcleo homeopático Homeopatila 100® na eficiência produtiva em alevinos revertidos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 31:985-994.
Silva E.F., Soares, M.A., Calazans N.F., Vogeley J.L., Do Valle B.C., Soares R., Peixoto S. (2012). Effect of probiotic (Bacillus spp.) addition during larvae and postlarvae culture of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 44:13-21.
Sokal R.R., Rohlf F. (1981). Biometry, 2nd edn. WH Feeman and Company, New York, p. 668.
Thompson J., Gregory S., Plummer S., Shields R.J., Rowley, A.F. (2010). An in vitro and in vivo assessment of the potential of Vibrio spp. as probiotics for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 109:1177-1187.
Valentim-Zabott M., Vargas L., Ribeiro R.P.R., Piau R., Torres M.B., Rönnau M., Souza J.C. (2008). Effects of a homeopathic complex in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on performance, sexual proportion and histology. Homeopathy, 97: 190-195.
Venkat H.K., Sahu N.P., Jain K.K. (2004). Effect of feeding Lactobacillus-based probiotics on the gut microflora, growth and survival of postlarvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). Aquaculture Research, 35:501-507.
Verschuere L., Rombaut G., Sorgeloos P., Verstraete W. (2000). Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review, 64:655-671.
Wang L., Chen Y., Huang H., Huang Z., Chen H., Shao Z. (2015). Isolation and identification of Vibrio campbellii as a bacterial pathogen for luminous vibriosis of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 46: 395-404.
Weinberg E.D. (2004). Suppression of bacterial biofilm formation by iron limitation. Medical hypotheses, 63: 863-865.
You J., Xue X., Cao L., Lu X., Wang J., Zhang L., Zhang L., Zhou S. (2007). Inhibition of Vibrio biofilm formation by a marine actinomycete strain A66. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 76:1137-1144.
Zorriehzahra M.J., Delshad S.T., Adel M., Tiwari R., Karthik K., Dhama K., Lazado C.C. (2016). Probiotics as beneficial microbes in aquaculture: an update on their multiple modes of action: a review. Veterinary Quarterly, 36:228-241.
Publicado
2020-09-18
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