Growth and survival of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei with application of probiotic actinomycetes and homeopathy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33936/at.v2i2.2676Keywords:
Aquacultural Homeopathy, Probiotic, Streptomyces spp., Vibrio spp., Penaeus vannamei, Growth, Survival, Water qualityAbstract
The effect of probiotic bacteria and homeopathic medicines on growth, survival and water quality in the culture of juveniles of White Pacific shrimp Penaeus vannamei was evaluated. Four experimental groups were treated for 30 days with two probiotic strains of Streptomyces spp. RL8 (T1) and N7 (T2), homeopathic products developed in CIBNOR from pathogenic bacteria [ViP-7C + VIA-7C] (T3), homeopathic medicines for humans [PhA-7C + SIT-7C] (T4) and distilled water as a control group (T5). Shrimp treated with T2, T3 and T4 showed a significantly greater weight gain (P<0,05) compared to the T5 control. The average daily weight gain was significantly higher (P<0,05) in shrimp treated with T2 and T3, compared to T5. With respect to the survival rate, there were significant differences (P<0,05) between the treated groups (T1, T2 and T3) and the control group (T5). The density of Vibrio spp. in the culture water was significantly lower (P<0,05) in T1, T3 and T4 than in T5. With reference to T5, a significant reduction (P<0,05) of vibrios in the hepatopancreas was observed in all experimental groups. As a counterpart, the abundance of total marine heterotrophic bacteria in the hepatopancreas in all experimental groups was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to the control. These results demonstrate that the application of probiotic actinomycetes and homeopathic medicines has potential as an alternative to the use and abuse of expensive and potentially harmful antibiotics, since in addition to maintaining good water quality they promote growth and survival of P. vannanmei, they are bio-safe and could be economically competitive for application in the commercial cultivation of the species.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ahmed E., Holmström S.J. (2015). Siderophore production by microorganisms isolated from a podzol soil profile. Geomicrobiology Journal, 32:397-411.
Akhter N., Wu B., Memon A.M., Mohsin M. (2015) Probiotics and prebiotics associated with aquaculture: a review, Fish Shellfish Immunology, 45:733-741.
Aly S.M., Ahmed Y.A.G, Ghareeb A.A.A, Mohamed M.F. (2008). Studies on Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus, as potential probiotics, on the immune response and resistance of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) to challenge infections, Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 25:128-136.
Augustine D., Jacob J.C., Philip R. (2015). Exclusion of Vibrio spp. by an antagonistic marine actinomycete Streptomyces rubrolavendulae M56. Aquaculture Research:1-10.
Bell I.R., Koithan M. (2012). A model for homeopathic remedy effects: low dose nanoparticles, allostatic cross-adaptation, and time-dependent sensitization in a complex adaptive system. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 12:191.
Boonthai T., Vuthiphandchai V., Nimrat S. (2011). Probiotic Bacteria Effects on Growth and Bacterial Composition of Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Aquaculture Nutrition, 17:34-38.
Braccini G.L., Marçal M.R., Ribeiro R.P., Hideo R., Riggo R., Olivera C.A.L., Hildebrandt J.F., Vargas L. (2013). Morpho-functional response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to a homeopathic complex. Homeopathy, 102:233-241.
Chumpol S., Kantachote D., Nitoda T., Kanzaki H. (2017). The Roles of Probiotic Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria to Control Water Quality and Prevent Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) for Enhancement Growth with Higher Survival in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) During Cultivation. Aquaculture, 47:27-33.
Das S., Lyla P. Ajmal Khan S. (2006). Application of Streptomyces as a probiotic in the laboratory culture of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). Israeli J Aquacult. – Bamid, 58:198-204.
Das S., Ward L., Burke C. (2008). Prospects of using marine actinobacteria as probiotics in aquaculture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 81:419-429.
Das S., Ward L.R. Burke C. (2010). Screening of marine Streptomyces spp. for potential use as probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 305:32-41.
Decamp O., Moriarty D.J., Lavens, P. (2008). Probiotics for shrimp larviculture: review of field data from Asia and Latin America. Aquaculture Research, 39:334-338.
Dharmaraj S., Dhevendaran K. (2010). Evaluation of Streptomyces as a probiotic feed for the growth of ornamental fish Xiphophorushelleri. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 48:497- 504.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2016. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. FAO, Rome Available at http:// www.fao.org/ fi/ oldsite/ eims_search/ 1_dett.asp?pub_id=316888.
Félix N., Sudharsan M. (2004) Effect of glycine betaine, a feed attractant affecting growth and feed conversion of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture Nutrition, 10:193-197.
García-Bernal M. (2016). Obtención de actinomicetos marinos con acción probiótica en ostiones y camarones. Tesis de Doctorado. Universidad Central de Las Villas. Cuba
García-Bernal M., Campa-Córdova A.I., Saucedo P.E., Casanova-González M., Medina-Marrero R., Mazón-Suástegui J.M. (2015). Isolation and in vitro selection of actinomycetes strains as potential probiotics for aquaculture. Veterinary World, 8:170-176.
García-Bernal M., Medina-Marrero R., Campa-Córdova Á.I., Mazón-Suástegui, J.M. (2017). Probiotic effect of Streptomyces strains alone or in combination with Bacillus and Lactobacillus in juveniles of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture International, 25:927-939.
García-Bernal M., Medina-Marrero R., Rodríguez-Jaramillo C., Marrero-Chang O., Campa-Córdova Á. I., Medina-García R., Mazón-Suástegui J.M. (2018). Probiotic effect of Streptomyces spp. on shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24:865-871.
Hernández-Llamas A., Cabanillas-Ramos J., Magallón-Barajas F.J. (2016). Estimating impact of white spot disease on economic risk in semi-intensive shrimp farms in Mexico: the case of the State of Sinaloa. Reviews Aquaculture, 8:111–120.
Khuda-Bukhsh A.R., Pathak, S. (2008). Homeopathic drug discovery: theory update and methodological aspect. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 3:979-990.
Kiarazm M., Tajik P., Nava H.G. (2011). Assessment of the effect of homoeopathic nosodes in subclinical bovine mastitis. Annals of Biological Research, 2:552-562.
Kumar R.N., Raman R P., Jadhao S B., Brahmchari,R.K., Kumar K., Dash, G. ( 2013). Effect of dietary supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis on gut microbiota, growth and immune response in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879). Aquaculture International, 21: 387-403.
Liu K.F., Chiu C.H., Shiu Y.P., Cheng W., Liu C.H. (2010). Effects of the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20, on the survival, development, stress tolerance, and immune status of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei larvae. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 28:837-844.
Liu H., Wang S., Cai Y., Guo X., Cao Z., Zhang Y., Liu S., Yuan W., Zhu W., Zheng Y., Xie Z., Guo W., Zhou,Y. (2017). Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis HAINUP40 enhances growth, digestive enzyme activities, innate immune responses and disease resistance of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 60:326-333.
López-Carvallo J.A., Arcos-Ortega G F., Tovar-Ramírez D., Hernández-Oñate M.Á., Abasolo-Pacheco F., García-Corona J.L., Mazón-Suástegui J.M. (2019). Effect of immunomodulatory medication over the general response of juvenile Catarina scallop (Argopecten ventricosus Sowerby II, 1842). Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 47:65-77.
Merlini L.S., Vargas L., Piau R., Ribeiro R.P., Merlini N.B. (2014). Effects of a homeopathic complex on the performance and cortisol levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Homeopathy, 103:139-142.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., García-Bernal M. Saucedo P.E., Campa-Córdova A.I., Abasolo-Pacheco F. (2017). Homeopathy outperforms antibiotics in juvenile scallop Argopecten ventricosus: Effects on growth, survival, and immune response. Homeopathy, 106:18-26.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., García-Bernal M., Avilés-Quevedo A., Campa-Córdova A.I., Salas-Leiva J., Abasolo-Pacheco F. (2018-a). Assessment of homeopathic medicines on survival and antioxidant response in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 23:6850-6859.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., Tovar-Ramírez D., Salas-Leiva J. S., Arcos-Ortega G.F., García-Bernal M., Avilés-Quevedo M.A., López-Carvallo J.A., García-Corona J.L., Ibarra-García L.E., Ortíz-Cornejo N.L., Teles A., Rosero-García A., Abasolo-Pacheco F., Campa-Cordova A.I., Saucedo Lastra P.E., Barajas-Frias J.D., Ormart-Castro P., Rodriguez-Jaramillo M.C., González-González R., Barajas-Ponce U., Tordecillas-Guillén J.L., Álvarez-Gil F.A., Pineda-Mahr G., Peiro-López J., Robles-Mungaray M. (2018-b). Aquacultural Homoeopathy: A Focus on Marine Species. In: Diarte-Plata G and Escamilla R (eds), “Aquaculture: Plants and Invertebrates”. IntechOpen Books. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/19.5772/intechopen.78030
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., Salas-Leiva J., Teles A., Tovar-Ramírez D. (2019-a). Immune and antioxidant enzyme response of Longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) juveniles to ultra-diluted substances derived from phosphorus, silica and pathogenic Vibrio. Homeopathy, 108:43-53.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., Ojeda-Silvera C.M., García-Bernal M., Avilés-Quevedo M.A., Abasolo-Pacheco F., Batista-Sánchez D., Tovar-Ramírez D., Arcos-Ortega F., Murillo-Amador B., Nieto-Garibay A., Ferrer-Sánchez Y., Morelos-Castro R.M., Alvarado-Mendoza A., Díaz-Díaz M., & Bonilla-Montalvan B. (2019-b). Agricultural homeopathy: New insights into organicʼs. In: Jan Moudry (ed.) “Multifunctionality and Impacts of Organic Agriculture”. IntechOpen Books. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/19.5772/intechopen.84482.
Nimrat S., Suksawat S., Boonthai T., Vuthiphandchai V. (2012). Potential Bacillus\probiotics enhance bacterial numbers, water quality and growth during early development of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Veterinary Microbiology, 159:443-450.
Pinkus T. (2009). Animal Homeopathy- a pragmatic approach. Homeopathy in Practice Summer, 1- 27.
Ramachandran K. (2017). Present Status and Prospect Trends of Probiotics in Shrimp Aquaculture. J FisherieSciences.com 11(2):071-73.
Shah R. (2014). Scientific method of preparing homoeopathic nosodes. Indian Journal of Research in Homeopathy, 8:166-173.
Secretaría de Salud 2015. Farmacopea homeopática de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Tercera Edición. DERECHOS RESERVADOS © 2015. SECRETARÍA DE SALUD, MÉXICO D.F. ISBN: 978-607-460-509-9. Biblioteca Nacional de México 615.532-scdd21. 398 p.
Siena C.E., Natali M.R.M., Braccini G.L., de Oliveira A.C., Ribeiro R.P., Vargas L. (2010). Efeito do núcleo homeopático Homeopatila 100® na eficiência produtiva em alevinos revertidos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 31:985-994.
Silva E.F., Soares, M.A., Calazans N.F., Vogeley J.L., Do Valle B.C., Soares R., Peixoto S. (2012). Effect of probiotic (Bacillus spp.) addition during larvae and postlarvae culture of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 44:13-21.
Sokal R.R., Rohlf F. (1981). Biometry, 2nd edn. WH Feeman and Company, New York, p. 668.
Thompson J., Gregory S., Plummer S., Shields R.J., Rowley, A.F. (2010). An in vitro and in vivo assessment of the potential of Vibrio spp. as probiotics for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 109:1177-1187.
Valentim-Zabott M., Vargas L., Ribeiro R.P.R., Piau R., Torres M.B., Rönnau M., Souza J.C. (2008). Effects of a homeopathic complex in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on performance, sexual proportion and histology. Homeopathy, 97: 190-195.
Venkat H.K., Sahu N.P., Jain K.K. (2004). Effect of feeding Lactobacillus-based probiotics on the gut microflora, growth and survival of postlarvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). Aquaculture Research, 35:501-507.
Verschuere L., Rombaut G., Sorgeloos P., Verstraete W. (2000). Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review, 64:655-671.
Wang L., Chen Y., Huang H., Huang Z., Chen H., Shao Z. (2015). Isolation and identification of Vibrio campbellii as a bacterial pathogen for luminous vibriosis of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 46: 395-404.
Weinberg E.D. (2004). Suppression of bacterial biofilm formation by iron limitation. Medical hypotheses, 63: 863-865.
You J., Xue X., Cao L., Lu X., Wang J., Zhang L., Zhang L., Zhou S. (2007). Inhibition of Vibrio biofilm formation by a marine actinomycete strain A66. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 76:1137-1144.
Zorriehzahra M.J., Delshad S.T., Adel M., Tiwari R., Karthik K., Dhama K., Lazado C.C. (2016). Probiotics as beneficial microbes in aquaculture: an update on their multiple modes of action: a review. Veterinary Quarterly, 36:228-241.
Akhter N., Wu B., Memon A.M., Mohsin M. (2015) Probiotics and prebiotics associated with aquaculture: a review, Fish Shellfish Immunology, 45:733-741.
Aly S.M., Ahmed Y.A.G, Ghareeb A.A.A, Mohamed M.F. (2008). Studies on Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus, as potential probiotics, on the immune response and resistance of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) to challenge infections, Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 25:128-136.
Augustine D., Jacob J.C., Philip R. (2015). Exclusion of Vibrio spp. by an antagonistic marine actinomycete Streptomyces rubrolavendulae M56. Aquaculture Research:1-10.
Bell I.R., Koithan M. (2012). A model for homeopathic remedy effects: low dose nanoparticles, allostatic cross-adaptation, and time-dependent sensitization in a complex adaptive system. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 12:191.
Boonthai T., Vuthiphandchai V., Nimrat S. (2011). Probiotic Bacteria Effects on Growth and Bacterial Composition of Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Aquaculture Nutrition, 17:34-38.
Braccini G.L., Marçal M.R., Ribeiro R.P., Hideo R., Riggo R., Olivera C.A.L., Hildebrandt J.F., Vargas L. (2013). Morpho-functional response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to a homeopathic complex. Homeopathy, 102:233-241.
Chumpol S., Kantachote D., Nitoda T., Kanzaki H. (2017). The Roles of Probiotic Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria to Control Water Quality and Prevent Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) for Enhancement Growth with Higher Survival in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) During Cultivation. Aquaculture, 47:27-33.
Das S., Lyla P. Ajmal Khan S. (2006). Application of Streptomyces as a probiotic in the laboratory culture of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). Israeli J Aquacult. – Bamid, 58:198-204.
Das S., Ward L., Burke C. (2008). Prospects of using marine actinobacteria as probiotics in aquaculture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 81:419-429.
Das S., Ward L.R. Burke C. (2010). Screening of marine Streptomyces spp. for potential use as probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 305:32-41.
Decamp O., Moriarty D.J., Lavens, P. (2008). Probiotics for shrimp larviculture: review of field data from Asia and Latin America. Aquaculture Research, 39:334-338.
Dharmaraj S., Dhevendaran K. (2010). Evaluation of Streptomyces as a probiotic feed for the growth of ornamental fish Xiphophorushelleri. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 48:497- 504.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2016. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. FAO, Rome Available at http:// www.fao.org/ fi/ oldsite/ eims_search/ 1_dett.asp?pub_id=316888.
Félix N., Sudharsan M. (2004) Effect of glycine betaine, a feed attractant affecting growth and feed conversion of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture Nutrition, 10:193-197.
García-Bernal M. (2016). Obtención de actinomicetos marinos con acción probiótica en ostiones y camarones. Tesis de Doctorado. Universidad Central de Las Villas. Cuba
García-Bernal M., Campa-Córdova A.I., Saucedo P.E., Casanova-González M., Medina-Marrero R., Mazón-Suástegui J.M. (2015). Isolation and in vitro selection of actinomycetes strains as potential probiotics for aquaculture. Veterinary World, 8:170-176.
García-Bernal M., Medina-Marrero R., Campa-Córdova Á.I., Mazón-Suástegui, J.M. (2017). Probiotic effect of Streptomyces strains alone or in combination with Bacillus and Lactobacillus in juveniles of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture International, 25:927-939.
García-Bernal M., Medina-Marrero R., Rodríguez-Jaramillo C., Marrero-Chang O., Campa-Córdova Á. I., Medina-García R., Mazón-Suástegui J.M. (2018). Probiotic effect of Streptomyces spp. on shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24:865-871.
Hernández-Llamas A., Cabanillas-Ramos J., Magallón-Barajas F.J. (2016). Estimating impact of white spot disease on economic risk in semi-intensive shrimp farms in Mexico: the case of the State of Sinaloa. Reviews Aquaculture, 8:111–120.
Khuda-Bukhsh A.R., Pathak, S. (2008). Homeopathic drug discovery: theory update and methodological aspect. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 3:979-990.
Kiarazm M., Tajik P., Nava H.G. (2011). Assessment of the effect of homoeopathic nosodes in subclinical bovine mastitis. Annals of Biological Research, 2:552-562.
Kumar R.N., Raman R P., Jadhao S B., Brahmchari,R.K., Kumar K., Dash, G. ( 2013). Effect of dietary supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis on gut microbiota, growth and immune response in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879). Aquaculture International, 21: 387-403.
Liu K.F., Chiu C.H., Shiu Y.P., Cheng W., Liu C.H. (2010). Effects of the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20, on the survival, development, stress tolerance, and immune status of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei larvae. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 28:837-844.
Liu H., Wang S., Cai Y., Guo X., Cao Z., Zhang Y., Liu S., Yuan W., Zhu W., Zheng Y., Xie Z., Guo W., Zhou,Y. (2017). Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis HAINUP40 enhances growth, digestive enzyme activities, innate immune responses and disease resistance of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 60:326-333.
López-Carvallo J.A., Arcos-Ortega G F., Tovar-Ramírez D., Hernández-Oñate M.Á., Abasolo-Pacheco F., García-Corona J.L., Mazón-Suástegui J.M. (2019). Effect of immunomodulatory medication over the general response of juvenile Catarina scallop (Argopecten ventricosus Sowerby II, 1842). Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 47:65-77.
Merlini L.S., Vargas L., Piau R., Ribeiro R.P., Merlini N.B. (2014). Effects of a homeopathic complex on the performance and cortisol levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Homeopathy, 103:139-142.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., García-Bernal M. Saucedo P.E., Campa-Córdova A.I., Abasolo-Pacheco F. (2017). Homeopathy outperforms antibiotics in juvenile scallop Argopecten ventricosus: Effects on growth, survival, and immune response. Homeopathy, 106:18-26.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., García-Bernal M., Avilés-Quevedo A., Campa-Córdova A.I., Salas-Leiva J., Abasolo-Pacheco F. (2018-a). Assessment of homeopathic medicines on survival and antioxidant response in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 23:6850-6859.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., Tovar-Ramírez D., Salas-Leiva J. S., Arcos-Ortega G.F., García-Bernal M., Avilés-Quevedo M.A., López-Carvallo J.A., García-Corona J.L., Ibarra-García L.E., Ortíz-Cornejo N.L., Teles A., Rosero-García A., Abasolo-Pacheco F., Campa-Cordova A.I., Saucedo Lastra P.E., Barajas-Frias J.D., Ormart-Castro P., Rodriguez-Jaramillo M.C., González-González R., Barajas-Ponce U., Tordecillas-Guillén J.L., Álvarez-Gil F.A., Pineda-Mahr G., Peiro-López J., Robles-Mungaray M. (2018-b). Aquacultural Homoeopathy: A Focus on Marine Species. In: Diarte-Plata G and Escamilla R (eds), “Aquaculture: Plants and Invertebrates”. IntechOpen Books. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/19.5772/intechopen.78030
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., Salas-Leiva J., Teles A., Tovar-Ramírez D. (2019-a). Immune and antioxidant enzyme response of Longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) juveniles to ultra-diluted substances derived from phosphorus, silica and pathogenic Vibrio. Homeopathy, 108:43-53.
Mazón-Suástegui J.M., Ojeda-Silvera C.M., García-Bernal M., Avilés-Quevedo M.A., Abasolo-Pacheco F., Batista-Sánchez D., Tovar-Ramírez D., Arcos-Ortega F., Murillo-Amador B., Nieto-Garibay A., Ferrer-Sánchez Y., Morelos-Castro R.M., Alvarado-Mendoza A., Díaz-Díaz M., & Bonilla-Montalvan B. (2019-b). Agricultural homeopathy: New insights into organicʼs. In: Jan Moudry (ed.) “Multifunctionality and Impacts of Organic Agriculture”. IntechOpen Books. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/19.5772/intechopen.84482.
Nimrat S., Suksawat S., Boonthai T., Vuthiphandchai V. (2012). Potential Bacillus\probiotics enhance bacterial numbers, water quality and growth during early development of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Veterinary Microbiology, 159:443-450.
Pinkus T. (2009). Animal Homeopathy- a pragmatic approach. Homeopathy in Practice Summer, 1- 27.
Ramachandran K. (2017). Present Status and Prospect Trends of Probiotics in Shrimp Aquaculture. J FisherieSciences.com 11(2):071-73.
Shah R. (2014). Scientific method of preparing homoeopathic nosodes. Indian Journal of Research in Homeopathy, 8:166-173.
Secretaría de Salud 2015. Farmacopea homeopática de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Tercera Edición. DERECHOS RESERVADOS © 2015. SECRETARÍA DE SALUD, MÉXICO D.F. ISBN: 978-607-460-509-9. Biblioteca Nacional de México 615.532-scdd21. 398 p.
Siena C.E., Natali M.R.M., Braccini G.L., de Oliveira A.C., Ribeiro R.P., Vargas L. (2010). Efeito do núcleo homeopático Homeopatila 100® na eficiência produtiva em alevinos revertidos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 31:985-994.
Silva E.F., Soares, M.A., Calazans N.F., Vogeley J.L., Do Valle B.C., Soares R., Peixoto S. (2012). Effect of probiotic (Bacillus spp.) addition during larvae and postlarvae culture of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 44:13-21.
Sokal R.R., Rohlf F. (1981). Biometry, 2nd edn. WH Feeman and Company, New York, p. 668.
Thompson J., Gregory S., Plummer S., Shields R.J., Rowley, A.F. (2010). An in vitro and in vivo assessment of the potential of Vibrio spp. as probiotics for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 109:1177-1187.
Valentim-Zabott M., Vargas L., Ribeiro R.P.R., Piau R., Torres M.B., Rönnau M., Souza J.C. (2008). Effects of a homeopathic complex in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on performance, sexual proportion and histology. Homeopathy, 97: 190-195.
Venkat H.K., Sahu N.P., Jain K.K. (2004). Effect of feeding Lactobacillus-based probiotics on the gut microflora, growth and survival of postlarvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). Aquaculture Research, 35:501-507.
Verschuere L., Rombaut G., Sorgeloos P., Verstraete W. (2000). Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review, 64:655-671.
Wang L., Chen Y., Huang H., Huang Z., Chen H., Shao Z. (2015). Isolation and identification of Vibrio campbellii as a bacterial pathogen for luminous vibriosis of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 46: 395-404.
Weinberg E.D. (2004). Suppression of bacterial biofilm formation by iron limitation. Medical hypotheses, 63: 863-865.
You J., Xue X., Cao L., Lu X., Wang J., Zhang L., Zhang L., Zhou S. (2007). Inhibition of Vibrio biofilm formation by a marine actinomycete strain A66. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 76:1137-1144.
Zorriehzahra M.J., Delshad S.T., Adel M., Tiwari R., Karthik K., Dhama K., Lazado C.C. (2016). Probiotics as beneficial microbes in aquaculture: an update on their multiple modes of action: a review. Veterinary Quarterly, 36:228-241.
Published
2020-09-18
Issue
Section
Original article
