Evaluation of microalgae diets for the spat of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae (Güilding, 1828) and its growth in outdoor conditions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33936/at.v2i2.2680Palabras clave:
Biochemistry composition, Bivalve, Growth, Nutritional requirement, Juveniles, SurvivalResumen
In order to guarantee an adequate level of macromolecular reserves, and allow their successful transfer to the natural environment, we have studied the survival, growth and biochemical composition (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) of the spat (initial length 3.77 ± 0.64 mm) of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae, fed with seven different combinations (diets) of three tropical microalgae: Chaetoceros sp. Araya strain (Ch-A), Isochrysis galbana (Ig) and Tetraselmis chui (Tc). The microalgae biochemical composition was also determined. In the indoor bioassay, each one of the seven diets was assigned three aquariums (replicates with 21 spat). In addition, three more replicates were arranged in an outdoor environment (control). After 36 days, the biochemical and biometric parameters of the juveniles in the indoor bioassay were determined, and they were transferred to the outdoor environment. The control treatment suffered considerably high mortality rates (≈80%) during this period and it was not possible to obtain further data from it for the experiment. The transferred juveniles continued to be cultured in suspension for 30 days, after which their biochemical and biometric parameters were evaluated again. During this period, samplings of the environmental variables were taken weekly. In general, within the indoor period, the greatest biometric and biochemical values were obtained in the organisms fed with one monoalgal diet (Ch-A), bialgal diets (Ch-A+Tc; Ch-A+Ig) and the trialgal diet (Ch-A+Ig+Tc), a tendency that remained in the outdoor environment. This was attributed to the balanced contribution of biomolecules previously offered by these diets. These results suggest that the juveniles made use of the energy content found in carbohydrates and lipids once they were transferred outdoors; where these energy sources were probably catabolized to compensate for the scarce availability of food (low chlorophyll a and organic seston) observed in the outdoor culture site.
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Bligh, E., Dyer, W. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37:911-917.
Bricelj, V., Shumway, S. (1991). Physiology: Energy acquisition and utilization. In: Shumway S.E (ed). Scallops: biology, ecology and aquaculture. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science Vol. 21, Elsevier. Nueva York. pp. 305-346.
Brown, M., Mular, M., Miller, I., Farmer, C., Trenerry, C. (1999). The vitamin content of microalgae used in aquaculture. Journal Applied Phycology, 11:247-255.
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Dégremont, L., Bédier, E., Soletchnik, P., Ropert, M., Huvet, A., Moal, J., Samain, J.F., Boudry, P. (2005a). Relative importance of family, site, and field placement timing on survival, growth and yield of hatchery-produced Pacific oyster juveniles (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture, 249:213-229.
Dégremont, L., Boudry, P., Soletchnik, P., Bédier, E., Ropert, M., Samain, J.F. (2005b). Effects of age and environment on the summer mortality in cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas during the first two years. Research Journal of Shellfish, 24:650.
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Freites, L., Fernández-Reiriz, M. J., Labarta, U. (2003). Energy content and biochemical substrates of subtidal and rocky shore mussel seeds (Mytilus galloprovincialis), in Galician culture. Ciencias Marinas, 29(4B):603-619.
Gabott, P.A. (1975). Storage cycles in marine bivalve mollusks: a hypothesis concerning the relationship between glycogen metabolism and gametogenesis. Proceedings of the 9thEuropean Symposium of marine biology, Harold Barnes (ed.) Aberdeen Univesity Press, pp 191-211.
Gil, H., Moreno, M. (2007). Explotación y comercialización de la ostra de mangle, Crassostrea rhizophorae, en algunas playas turísticas del estado Sucre, Venezuela. Zootecnia Tropical, 25(3):215-219.
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Helm, M., Laing, I. (1987). Preliminary observations on the nutritional value of ‘Tahiti Isochrysis’ to Bivalve Larvae. Aquaculture, 62:281-288.
Herbert, D., Phipps, P., Stranse, R. (1971). Chemical analysis of microbial cells. Methods in Microbiology, 5:209-244.
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Kreeger, D., Hawkins, A., Bayne, B. (1993). Use of dual-labeled microcapsules to discern the physiological fates of assimilated carbohydrate, protein carbon, and protein nitrogen in suspension-feeding organisms. Limnology and Oceanography, 41(2):208-215.
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Lodeiros, C.J., Freites, L., Márquez, A., Glem, M. E., Guevara, M., Saucedo, P.E. (2016). Comparative growth and survival of juveniles of the Caribbean pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata cultivated indoor with microalgae diets and outdoor with natural diet. Aquaculture Nutrition, 23(3):511-522.
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Martínez-Fernández, E., Acosta-Salmón, H., Rangel-Dávalos, C. (2004). Ingestion and digestion of 10 species of microalgae by winged pearl oyster Pteria sterna (Gould, 1851) larvae. Aquaculture, 230:417-423.
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Bligh, E., Dyer, W. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37:911-917.
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Caraballo, L. (1970). Condiciones de sedimentación en las playas de la Bahía de Mochima. Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela, Universidad de Oriente., 9:9-20.
Carranza, A., Defeo, O., Beck, M.W. 2008. Diversity, conservation status and threats for native Oysters (Ostreidae) around the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts of South America. Aquatic Conservation, 19:344-353.
Carranza, A., Defeo, O., García, A., Gamarra, A., Pascual, M., Henriques, M., Prado, L., León, L., Lodeiros, C. 2011. Towards a south American network for shellfish conservation and restoration. Tentacles, 19:3-10.
Claus, C., Maeckelberghe, H., de Pauw, N. (1983). Onshore nursery rearing of bivalve molluscs in Belgium. Aquaculture Engineering, 2:13-26.
Cotteau, P., Sorgeloos, P. (1992). The use of algal substitutes and the requirement for live algae in the hatchery and nursery rearing of bivalve molluscs: an international survey. Journal of Shellfish Research, 11:467-476.
Dégremont, L., Bédier, E., Soletchnik, P., Ropert, M., Huvet, A., Moal, J., Samain, J.F., Boudry, P. (2005a). Relative importance of family, site, and field placement timing on survival, growth and yield of hatchery-produced Pacific oyster juveniles (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture, 249:213-229.
Dégremont, L., Boudry, P., Soletchnik, P., Bédier, E., Ropert, M., Samain, J.F. (2005b). Effects of age and environment on the summer mortality in cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas during the first two years. Research Journal of Shellfish, 24:650.
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Dubois, M., Pilles, K., Hamilton, J., Rebers, P., Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 2:350-356.
Expósito, N., Zoppi, E. 1999. Efectos de las descargas de una laguna de estabilización sobre el ecosistema marino. Libro de Resúmenes Ampliados del VIII Congreso Latinoamericano sobre Ciencias del Mar (COLACMAR), Perú, Tomo II: 845-847.
Fernández-Reiriz, M.J., Labarta, U., Babarro, J.M.F. (1996) Comparative allometries in growth and chemical composition of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lmk.) cultured in two zones in the Ría Sada (Galicia, NWSpain). Journal of Shellfish Research, 15:349-353.
Freites, L., Fernández-Reiriz, M. J., Labarta, U. (2003). Energy content and biochemical substrates of subtidal and rocky shore mussel seeds (Mytilus galloprovincialis), in Galician culture. Ciencias Marinas, 29(4B):603-619.
Gabott, P.A. (1975). Storage cycles in marine bivalve mollusks: a hypothesis concerning the relationship between glycogen metabolism and gametogenesis. Proceedings of the 9thEuropean Symposium of marine biology, Harold Barnes (ed.) Aberdeen Univesity Press, pp 191-211.
Gil, H., Moreno, M. (2007). Explotación y comercialización de la ostra de mangle, Crassostrea rhizophorae, en algunas playas turísticas del estado Sucre, Venezuela. Zootecnia Tropical, 25(3):215-219.
Helm, M., Bourne, N. (2006). Cultivo de bivalvos en criaderos. Un manual práctico. Documento técnico de pesca (FAO). Roma, Italia. 182 pp.
Helm, M., Laing, I. (1987). Preliminary observations on the nutritional value of ‘Tahiti Isochrysis’ to Bivalve Larvae. Aquaculture, 62:281-288.
Herbert, D., Phipps, P., Stranse, R. (1971). Chemical analysis of microbial cells. Methods in Microbiology, 5:209-244.
Hernández, O., Troccoli, L., Millán, J. (1998). Crecimiento, engorde y sobrevivencia de la Ostra de Mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding, 1828 en la Isla de Cubagüa, Venezuela. Caribbean Journal Sciences, 34 (3-4):243-249.
Kilkenny, C., Browne, W. J., Cuthill, I. C., Emerson, M., Altman, D. G. (2010). Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biology, 8:1-5. https ://doi.org/10.1371/journ al.pbio.1000412.
Kreeger, D., Hawkins, A., Bayne, B. (1993). Use of dual-labeled microcapsules to discern the physiological fates of assimilated carbohydrate, protein carbon, and protein nitrogen in suspension-feeding organisms. Limnology and Oceanography, 41(2):208-215.
Lodeiros, C., Freites, L. (2008). Estado actual y perspectivas del cultivo de moluscos bivalvos en Venezuela. pp: 135–150. En: Lovatelli, A.; Farías, A. & Uriarte, I. (Eds). Estado actual del cultivo y manejo de moluscos bivalvos y su proyección futura: factores que afectan su sustentabilidad en América Latina. Taller Técnico Regional de la FAO. 20–24 de agosto de 2007, Puerto Montt, Chile. FAO Actas de Pesca y Acuicultura. No. 12. Roma, FAO.
Lodeiros, C.J., Freites, L., Márquez, A., Glem, M. E., Guevara, M., Saucedo, P.E. (2016). Comparative growth and survival of juveniles of the Caribbean pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata cultivated indoor with microalgae diets and outdoor with natural diet. Aquaculture Nutrition, 23(3):511-522.
Lovatelli, A. Sarkis, S. (2011) A regional shellfish hatchery for the Wider Caribbean: Assessing its feasibility and sustainability. FAO Regional Technical Workshop.18-21 October 2010, Kingston, Jamaica. FAO Fish Aquacult. Proc. No. 19. Rome, FAO. 2011. 246 pp.
Lowry, O., Rosebrough, H., Farr, A., Randall, R. (1951). Protein measurement whit the folin-phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193:265-275.
MacDonalds, B., Thompson, R. (1985). Influence of temperature and food availability on the ecological energetics of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus. I. Growth rates of shell and somatic tissue. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 25:279-294.
Márquez, A., Lodeiros, C., Semidey, D., Carpio, M., Graziani, C. (2011). Crecimiento y supervivencia de la ostra perlífera Pinctada imbricata (Röding, 1798) bajo diferentes sistemas de confinamiento en cultivo suspendido. Zootecnia Tropical, 29(3): 337-351.
Marsh, J., Westein, D. (1966). Simple charring method for determination of lipids. Journal of Lipids Research., 7: 574-592.
Marshall, R., McKinley, S., Pearce, C. (2010). Effects of nutrition on larval growth and survival in bivalves. Aquaculture, 2:33-55.
Martínez-Fernández, E., Acosta-Salmón, H., Rangel-Dávalos, C. (2004). Ingestion and digestion of 10 species of microalgae by winged pearl oyster Pteria sterna (Gould, 1851) larvae. Aquaculture, 230:417-423.
Matias, D., Joaquin, S., Ramos, M., Sobral, P., Leitão, A. (201). Biochemical compounds' dynamics during larval development of the carpet-shell clam Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758): effects of mono-specific diets and starvation. Helgoland Marine Research, 65:369–379.
Mengual, M., Lodeiros, C., Márquez, A. (2009). Crecimiento y supervivencia de la ostra alada Pteria colymbus (Röding 1798), en estructuras tubulares en la Bahía de Mochima, estado Sucre, Venezuela. Zootecnia Tropical, 29(2):219-229.
Milke, L., Bricelj, M., Parrish, C. (2008). Biochemical characterization and nutritional value of three Pavlova spp. in unialgal and mixed diets with Chaetoceros muelleri for postlarval sea scallops, Placopecten magellanicus. Aquaculture, 276:130-142.
Napolitano, G.E., MacDonald, B.A., Thompson, R.J., Ackman, R.G. (1992). Lipid composition of eggs and adductor muscle in giant scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) from different habitats. Marine Biology, 113:71-76.
Núñez, M., Lodeiros, C., De Donato, M., Graziani, C. (2002). Evaluation of microalgae diets for Litopenaeus vannamei larvae using a simple protocol. Aquaculture International, 10 (3):177-187.
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2020-09-18
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